LlTBRATCTRE. — Copioufl discussions of all the questions involved may i)€ found (not to mention commentaries) in lleysclilac, S.T, 'J'hrologi/, ii. p. 4811.; Bruce, St. I'miTg Conception 0/ Chrit- tianiti/, e. vii. ; Weiss, Lehrlnich der. Ililil. Theol. det S'.T. i 67. For Jewish points of connexion with St. Paul's teacbinfr, see Weber, 2}U Lehren de$ TcUmxid, ca xv.-xvii.
J. Dennev.
ADAM City (DIN 'red').— In the Jordan 'Valley, ' far off' from Jencho, and beside Zarethan. The latter (.see ZaketHAN) appears to have been near the centre of the valley (see Jos :i"'), and the usual site for Adam is at the present ruined bridge (built in the 13tli cent. A.D. ) at the Ddmieh ford, called Jisr ed-Dilmieh, about halfway up the Jordan Valley. The Jordan lieing narrow, with high banks, might have been dammed up in this vicinity by an extensive fall of the cliff. ISI(T\o\. ii. sh. xv.
C. K. CONDEU.
ADAM, BOOKS OF. — Rmnance, with ethical intent, accumulated around all the prominent worthies of t)r narrative, among both Jews and Christians; and, naturally, no one received more attention than Adam. This process of embellish- ing and ' iiniiroving' OT story began before NT times. The I'alm. speaks of a Bk of Ailam, and such legendary lore furnished suitable pabulum for Mohnmmedanism. The Apostolic Von.stitutions (vi. 16) mention an anoeryphal 'ASd^. Kpiphaniua (llivr. xxvi. 8) tells of a Gnostic work, lic.rc/ntions of Adam, and the Decretum Gelasii prohibits Christians from reailing the two works, Penilnitiit Adw and I)c flvthiis Ailir.. The Cypriote Synccllus (Stli cent.) makes nuotations from a liiij 'Aiifn which closely resemlile the Bk of Jubilees. The ■Jewish Bk of Ailaiii is lost: but it probably furnished matter for still further clalioration in the
38
ADAMAH
ADITHALM
following Christian works which still survive. 1. The Ethiopic Bk. of Adnm, pub. by Dillmann, Gottingen, 1853 ; tr. also by Malan, London, 1882.
2. A Syr. work, resembling the foregoing, entitled The Treasure-Cave, ed. by Bezold, Leipzig, 1883.
3. The 5i^T;£ris khI TroXircIa *A5a/t Kai E^as, ed. by Tischendorf, Apocalypses Apocrynhn;, 1866 ; and condensed by Rcinsch, Buch der Jubilden, pp. 468- 476. 4. ' Vita Adie et Eva',' a Lat. rendering of the same material, ed. by W. Meyer in Transactions oj Munich Academy, vol. xiv. 1878. 5. The 'Testa- iiientum Adami,' which has been published by Kenan, Syriac text with French tr. in Journ. Asintique, 1853. 6. The sacred book of the Man- daites is called the Bk of Adam, but has little in common with the foregoing. Edd., Nor berg's, 1815 ; Petermann's, Berlin, 1867.
LrrERATiTRK. — Fabriciue, Codex pscudepigr. Vet. Test. i. 1-94, ii. 1-43; Hort, art. 'Adam' in Siuith and Wace, Diet, of Chr, Bim.; Schiirer, HJP II. iii. 81, 147 1. ; Zockler, Apocr. det i T. 422. 3 ; Zunz, Die gottesd. Vortrdge der Juden, 1892, p. 136.
J. T. Marshall.
ADAMAH (ncix), Jos 19", 'red lands.'— A city of Naphtali mentioned next to Chinnereth. Prob- ably the ruin 'Adinah on the plateau north of Bethshean. See iSlKP vol. i. sh. vi.
C. R. CO.VDER.
ADAMANT is twice (Ezk 3», Zee 7") used in AV and RV as tr. of I'n^ shdmlr, which is else- where rendered either ' brier' (Is 5" ^^■^■^Qi» 10" 27' 32'^) or ' diamond ' (Jer 17')- Diamond, which arose fiom adamant by a variety of spelling (adamant or adimant, then diamant or diamond), lias displaced a. as the name of the precious stone, a. being now used rhetorically to express extreme hardness. See under art. STONES (Precious). '.\5ifms occurs in LXX at Am 7'- "'■"as tr. of ■^jn ' plummet ' ; this is the origin and meaning of a. in its only occurrence in Apocr., Sir 16'* AV. See Plummet. J. Hastings.
ADAMI-NEKEB (ai^sri "Dik), Jos ^^^ 'red lands the pass.' — A city of Naphtali. It is duabtful if the names should not be divided (see Nekeb). The site is probably at the present village ^cJ-iDdmie/i on the plateau north-east of Tabor, where the ba.saltic soil is reddish. The site of Nekeb (Seiy^deh) is not far off. See SWP vol. i. sh. vi.
C. R. CONDER.
ADAR (^^x Ezr 6'», Est 3'- " 8" O'- "f-, 1 Mac 7"- *>, 2 Mac lo"". Est 10" 13" 16^).— The 12th month in the Witer Jewish Calendar. See Time.
ADASA ('ASaffd). — A town near Bethhoron (1 Mac 7"-", Jos. Ant. XII. X. 5), now the ruin 'Adaseh near Gibeon SP W vol. iii. sh. xvii.
"ADBEEL (^!<?-)N), the third son of Ishmael, Gn 2.3", 1 Ch 129, eponym of the N. Arab, tribe, which appears in cuneiform inscrip. as Idibn'il or Idihi'al, and which had its settlements S.W. of the Dead Sea (Sayce, ifCil/ 202; Schrader. KAT^ 148; Oxf. Hel. Lex. s.v.). J. A. Selbie.
ADDAN (H!*, 'kdaXap A, [XapaloeaXo;- B, 1 Es 5").— Certain of the inhabitants of this place j'jined the body of the returning exiles in the time of Zerubbabel, but they were unable to prove their true Isr. descent by showing to what treat clan or family they belonged (Ezr 2'*). Prob- ably they were not admitted to the privileges of full citizenship. The name does not appear in the later lists in Ezr 10, Neh 10. Some regard Cherub Addan as one name ; v.™ suggests that Cherub, Addan, and Immer were three villages in one dis- trict in Babylon, from which the family of Nekoda ::ame In Neh 7" the name appears as Addon.