LiTERATURR.— Baur, Paulut, i. 28 fl. ; Neander, Planting o, Chrtsdamti/, Bohn's tr. i. 27 ff. ; Weizsacker, Apott, Age, i. 24, 55 f. : Comm. of Aliord, Meyer, etc.
8. See preceding article. 9. The high priest before whom St. Paul was brought by Claudius Lysias (Ac 23'"'-), and whose outrageous conduct upon this occasion provoked the apostle to ajijily to him the contemptuous epithet ot ' whited wall.' The same A. shortly afterwards appeared at Ca;sarea amongst St. Paul's accusers before Felix (Ac24"'')- He was the son of Nedeba;us, and hold the high priesthood from c. 47-59 A.D. He owed his appointment to the otlice to Herod of Chalcis. During his administration there were bitter qtiarrels between the Jews and the Samaritans, and these seemed on one occasion likely to lead to his deposition. On account of a massacre of some Galilicans hy the Samaritans, the latter had been attacked and many of tiieir villages plundered by the Jews. A. was accused of complicity in these acts of violence, and was sent by (Jundratus, the governor of Syria, to stand his trial at Koiiio. Powerful inlhicnce was at work at the imperial court on the side Ijoth of the Samaritans and the Jews ; but, thanks to the elt'orts of the youngci Agrippa, Claudius gave his decision in favour of the high priest, and A. returned to discharge the functions of an ollice which he disgraced by his rapacity and violence. It was no uncommon thing for him to send his servants to the thrcsliing-lloDrs to take the tithes by force, while he defrauded the inferior priests of their dues, and left some of them to die of starvation. His own end was a miserable one. His syinpathics had always been with the Romans, anil he had thus incurred the hatred of the nationalist party. When the great rebellion broke out which ended in the siege and destruction of Jems., A. concealed himself, but was discovered, and murdered by the fanatical populace.
LlT»aATiR».— Jos. Ant. ll. v. 2, vi. U. S, ll. ii. 3 ; Il'ors n xtU. B; Schiirer, HJP L U. 173, 188 f., 211, ii. I. iv.'. ■.'"filT.
J. A. Selbib.
92
ANANIEL
ANDREW
ANANIEL ('Ayavi-/i\), one of the ancestors of Tobit, To 1'. A Gr. form of Sx^jn.
AKATH (njvj, the father of Sharagar, Jg 3" 5«. 'Anftt is the name of a goddess worshipped in Pal. , cf. Jg 1=0, Jos 15* Is lO** ; it is found on Egyptian monuments from the 18th dynasty.
G. A. COOKK.
ANATHEMA. See Accursed.
ANATHOTH (rtniy).— 1. A town In Benjamin assigned to the Levites (Jos 21'", 1 Ch 6°"), named from (possibly plural of) 'Anath or 'An&t, a Chaldsean deity worshipped among the Canaanites (Sayce, Jlibbert Lect. pp. 187-189 ; Vogu6, Mel. 41 ff. ), now called 'Andta, It is situated 24 miles north-east of Jerusalem over the shoulder of Scopas. There are still twelve or fifteen houses on the spot, and the remains of what was apparently a handsome church. From its commanding position it has a fine view northward and also eastward over the broken hills of the wilderness, stretching down towards the north end of the Salt Sea, It was the home of Abiathar, 1 K 2-"^; of Abiezer, one of David's thirty captains, 2 S 23" ; of Jehu, one of his mighty men, 1 Ch 12^ and of Jeremiah the prophet, Jer 1'. It was reoccupied after the E.xile (Ezr 2'^, Neh 7", 1 Es 5'*). A quarry at 'Anftta still supplies building stone to Jerusalem. The vision of the dreary wilderness to the east, and the scorching of its dry winds which Jeremiah was familiar with in his native to^vn, have imprinted themselves on his prophecies. To one standing upon Scopas, Anathoth is lying at his feet, Is lU*.
2. A personal name — (a) the son of Becher a Benjamite, 1 Ch 7*. Possibly this and Alemeth following are names of towns in which sons of Becher dwelt. (6) Neh 10", possibly stands for • men of Anathoth ' (7").
Anathothite (•nhjvc) i^ the uniform desiOTiation in RV of an inhabitant of Anathoth. AV offers such variants as Anetothite, Anethothite, Anto-
thite. A. UE24DEKSON.
ANCHOR.— See Ship.
ANCIENT has now a narrow range of usage. In AV it is freely applied to men, as Ezk 9» ' then they began at the a. men ' ; Ezr 3'" ' many of tlie priests and Levites ... a. (RV 'old') men.' Cf. Luttrell (1704), 'Sir Samuel Astry (being verj antient) has resigned his place of clerk ; and Penn, Life (1718), 'This A.M.C. aforeseid, is an Ancient Maid.' Follo^ving the Heb. (and LXX) a. is used as a subst., as Is 3' ' the judge and the prophet and the prudent and the a.' ; but esp. in the plur., as Ps 119™ ' I understand more than the B,' ' (RV ' aged '). In these places ' the ancients ' are mostly a definite class, the Elders of Israel, or of some tribe or city. See Elder in OT.
Wright ( IKorrf Book' p. 36) points out that ' the ancient ' is used for the plur. in the Pref. of 1611; it is probable that in Job 12" we have an instance of the same : ' With the ancient (RV 'with aged men') is wisdom'; while Sir 39' is unmistakable, 'seek out the wisdom of all the ancient ' (triirruy apxa-iiov, RV ' ancients ').