J. Hastings.
ANCIENT OF DAYS (ppV p-nv). — A common Syriac expression, used three times of the Divine Being in Daniel (7"- "■ ^), at first without the article (wrongly inserted by AV in v.*), and meaning simply 'old,' 'aged,' (see RV). The expression has no reference to the eternity of God, and does not bear upon the question of the date of the book, as if it carried a contrast to the New Divinities introduced by Antiochus Epiphanes. It is a repre- •entation natural to the fearless anthropomorphism
of the Bible, which never hesitates to attribute tc the Deity the form and features of man. The object is to convey the impression of a venerable and majestic aspect.
P'i?l', ancient, is properly an Aram, word : in Heb. it occurs once only, in the late passage I Ch 4". A. S. Aglen.
ANCLE (Ezk 47*) and ancle-bones (Ac 3').— This is the spelling of AV after Coverdale and Tindale. Camb. Bible and RV spell ankle. In old Eng. the spelling is indifferent. Shaks. has even anckle. Besides the above, RV gives 'ankle chains' in Nu 31=" (AV 'chains'), and in IsS^^lAV ' ornaments of the legs '). J. Hastings.
AND is used in AV both as a copulative and as a conditional conjunction. 1. As a copul. conj., the Oxf. Diet, points out the use of and to express the consequence, as Gn 1' ' God said, Let there be light ; and there was light ' ; Lk 7* ' I say unto one. Go, and he goeth ' ; Mt 8' ' Speak the word only, and my servant shall be healed ' ; Lk 10** ' This do, and thou shalt live.' Cf. Scottish Paraphrases 35^ — • My broken body thus I give For you, for all ; take, eat, and liva,* Thus and is often more than a mere copula. It even has an adversative force in ' he answered and said, I go, sir: and went not' (Mt 21*'). 2. In middle Eng. and was used conditionally ( = if), a usage which Skeat and others believe to have been borrowed from Iceland. Cf. Bacon, Essays, ' It is the nature of extreme self-lovers, as they will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their egges.' Of this use of and Wright points to Gn 44*', Nu S* as examples. When and meant if, it was often spelt an, and was often strengthened by adding if. Hence we find and, an, an if, and if, a.\\ = if. In AV we have Mt 24« (Lk 12") ' But and if (RV 'But if ') that evil servant shall say in his heart'; Lk 20« 'But and if (RV'Bnt if) we say' ; 1 Co 7'" ' But and if (RV ' But ii ) thou m.arry ' ; 1 P 3'* ' But and if (so RV) ye suffer.' Except 1 P 3'^ (dW €l Kal), the Gr. is always (av S(.
J. Hastings.
ANDREW.— The first-called apostle, brother of Simon Peter : their father's name was Jonas or John, an( their native city was Bethsaida of Galilee. TUeir mother's name is traditionally Joanna.
Name. — The name Andreas ('kvipia^) is Greek. It is usually believed to occur first in Herodotus (vi. 126), where it is the name of the great-grand- father of Cleisthenes of Sicyon. It occurs also in Dio Cassius (Ixviii. 32), in the form 'AvSpelat, as the name of a rebel Jew in Crete in Trajan's reign. There are other instances of the name, but it is not very common.
ReferfjNCES to him in NT. — In the Synoptists the call of Peter and A. while they were fishmg is narrated by Mt 4'*"^ and Mk l'"*'^. It took place at the Sea of Galilee. The narrative in no way implies that this was their first meeting with the Lord. The name of A. next occurs in Mk 1^, where Jesus enters the house of Simon and A. and heals the mother-in-law of Peter. Next in the li.st of the Twelve, where Mt and Lk place liim after Peter and before James and John, while Mk's order is Peter, James and John, Andrew. In Mk 13' he is coupled with Peter, James, and John in the question put to our Lord about the time of the End. His name does not elsewhere occur in the Synoptists. In St. John's Gospel he is much more prominent. In ch.l A. is a disciple of John the Baptist. He hears the words, ' Behold the Lamb ot God," follows Christ, and spends a day with Him. He then brings his brother Peter to Christ, and may probably have had to do also with the
ANDREW
ANGEL
9c
call of I'hilip, wlio was of the same city. In ch. 6 it ia A. who volunteers information aliout the lad with the loaves and lishes, on the occasion of the feedinK of tlie five thousand. In ch. 12 the Greeks who desire to see Jesus apply to Philip ; I'hilip tells A. ; and the two tell Jesus. In Ac 1 A. occurs for the last time, in the list of the apostles, follow- ing James and John, and preceding Philip (as in St. Mark).
Subsequent Traditions.— In the 2nd cent. A. was the hero of one of the romances attributed to Leucius, a Docetic writer. We have a fairly comprehensive abridgment of this book in the Miracula Andreae of Gregory of Tours, besides some episodes and fragments of the original Gr., in part yet unedited. The fullest discussion of the literature is in Lipsius, Apokryphen Apostel- gesrhichten (i. 543-622) : see also Bonnet's ed. of some late Gr. Encomia, ba.sed on the Leucian Acts, in Analecta Bollandiana (xiii., and separately).