Ants also have accurate methods of division of labour. To the younger ones are assigned some of the lighter tasks, while the older ones engage in the more serious and laborious work. In some cases individuals are appointed to collect honey and store it in large sacs in their bodies, to be distributed to their idle masters, who do not trouble themselves to leave their nests.
Lubbock thus sums up the evidence that ants 'are exceeding wise': 'The anthropoid apes no doubt approach nearer to man in bodily structure than do other animals, but when we consider the habits of ants, their social organisation, their large communities and elaborate habitations, their road- ways, their possession of domestic animals, and even, in some cases, of slaves, it must be admitted that they have a fair claim to rank next to man in the scale of intelligence.' G. E. Post.
ANTELOPE.— See Ol.
ANTHOTHIJAH (n;nrijy, AV Antothljah). — A man of Benjamin (I Cb 8**). See Gknealooy.
ANTHROPOLOGY.— See Man.
ANTICHRIST. —See Man of Sin. ANTILI- BANU8.— See Lebanon.
ANTIOCH ('A»T<6xfia).— In Syria, under the Seleuciils, there appear to have been at least five places which at one time or another enjoyed this title : Hippos on the hills above the E. shore of the Lake of balilee ('A. tj irpis 'Iitttv), Gadara (of. Stephanus, De Urbibus ; Keland, Pal. 774), Gerasa in E. Gilead ('A. 4 'p^' ^v Xpwop^), all of them in
the Decapolis, and perhaps also Acco or Ptoleraaia (Head, Mist. Num. 677); but the Antioch in Syria was A. on the Orontes, distinguished as 'A. i) irpis, or irl, Aatpf-u, and entitled nrp-piiroXis {ib. 056).
Under an Eastern people like the Arabs, the natural capital of Syria is Damascus, on the borders of the Arabian desert. But when the Greeks poured into the land after Alexander, it was inevitable that they should establish the centre of their govern- ment nearer the Mediterranean and Asia ilinor. Accordingly, when the Seleucid Empire was founded, Seleucus Nikator (Jos. c. Apion, ii. 4) selected a site 120 stadia from the sea (Strabo, xvi.), where the Orontes, now El-'Asi, and the great roads from the Euphrates and Coele-Syria break the long Syrian range and debouch upon the coast. The projected Euphrates-Levant railway is to pass by the same way. The valley is tolerably wide, and both fair and fertUe. I'he city was built partly on an island in the river, but mostly on the N. bank of the latter, and up the slopes of Mt. Silpius. By the time of Antioclius Epii)lianes (175 B.C.) it consisted of four quarters (reTpajroXu, Strabo), divided by the long columned street which was a feature of every Greek city in Syria, and by a second which cut this obliquely. Temples and other large public buildings were erected from time to time by the Seleucids and their Roman successors. Daphne was a neighbouring grove sacred to Apollo (Jos. Ant. XVII. li. 1 ; Pliny, HN V. 18 ; 2 Mac 4'-'). Under the Seleucids the city developed a mixed populace, essentially fickle and turbulent, who frequently rose against their rulers. There were Jews in Antioch from the time of its foundation, for Seleucus Nikator gave tliein the rights of citizenship (Jos, Ant. XII. iii. 1). Many others must have fled or been carried captive to A. during the Maccabwan period (ib. Xll. Xlil. wissim). The Antiochenes expelled Alexander Balas, and oti'ered the crown to Ptolemy Philometor, who, however, persuaded them to receive Demetrius Nikator (ib. xiII. iv. 7 ; but cf. 1 Mac U""-)- They besieged the latter in his palace; but with the help of Jonathan Maccabaeus and 3000 Jews he regained the city, yet soon after was obliged to yield it to Alexander's son Antiochus and his general Tryphon (Ant. XIII. v. 3 ; 1 Mac ll**"-). Under the Seleucids A. remained till B.C. 83, when it was taken by Tigranes of Armenia. When Pompey overthrew tlie latter, he made A. a free city, and it became the seat of the Prefect, and capita,lof the Bom. province of Syria. M. Antonius ordered the citizens to release all the Jews whom they had enslaved, and restore to them tlieir pos- sessions (Ant. XIV. xii. 6). When Ponipoy fell, A. sided with Csesar, and after Actium with Augustus. Both of the latter, as well as Herod the Great (Ant. XVI. V. 3) and Tiberius, embellished the town with theatres, baths, and streets. Tlie harbour of A. was Seleucia. The population was very vigorous. Tliey revolted several times against liome ; and after the disastrous earthquakes of A.D. 37 and subsequent years they quickly restored the town. Art and literature were cultivated so as to draw the praise of Cicero ; but witli the energy and brilliance of this people there was ever mixed a notorious insolence and scurrility. A large number of Romans settled in A., and the Jewish community speedily grew in numbers and in influence with the rest of the inhabitants (Jos. BJ II. xviii. 5), who protected them in the first Jewish revolt against Rome, but afterwards displayed a bitter bate against them (ib. vil. V. 2).
It was when A. was filled with these rich and varied elements of life — Josephus calls her the third city of the Empire, next to Rome and Alex
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