K. W. Moss. ANTIOCHUS III. ('the Great') was the son ol Seleucus K.allinicus (B.C. 24G-226), and succeeded to the throne of Syria on the death of liis brother, Seleucus Keraunus (B.C. 223). Immediately after his accession he made war upon Egypt ; and in two successive canijiaigns he led his army as far as Dora, a few miles to tlie N. of Ciesarea. A truce suspended hostilities for a time (Polyb. v. 60; Ju.stin, XXX. 1, 2), during which he put down Molo's rebellion in Media. In B.C. 218 lie again drove the Egyp. forces southwards, and himself wintered at I'tolemais ; but the next year he was completely defeated at Kapliia (Polyb. v. 51-87; Strabo, xvi. 759), near Gaza, and left Ptolemy Philoi)ator in undisputed possession of Cicle Syria and Phcenicia. The following years he spent in warfare against Ach^us, whom he took in B.C. 214, and in Parthia and Bactria, where his suc- cesses gained for him his surname. But on Ptolemy's death, in B.C. 204, he formed an alliance with Philip of Macedon for the partition of Egypt between the two powers (Liv. xxxi. 14). In Juda-a he found a party among the Jews alienated from Egypt, and with their help he extended his king- dom to the Sinaitic peninsula. But an inva.sion of his dominions by Attains, king of Pergamus, checked his further progress ; and in his absence Scopas, an Egyp. general, overran Judiea, ami recovered the lost territories. A. hastened to oppose him, and at Paneas (lldi-eiov, a grotto of Pan, which gave its name to the district), near the source of the Jord.an, gained a decisive victory (B.C. 198), which made him again master of all Pal. (Polyb. xvi. 18, xxviii. 1 ; Liv. xxx. 19; Jos. Ant. XII. iii. 3). Jmhea was thus Anally connected with the Seleucid dynasty. Syrian aTpa-niyol, or military governors, were appointed ; and regular taxes were imposed, and leased to contractors in the several towns. A. further guaranteed the inviolability of the temple, and provided by ample grants for the performance of its services (Jos. Ant. XII. iii. 4). With a view to p.acify Lydi.i .and Phrygia, he sent there 2000 Jewish families from Mesopotamia with grants of land and im- munity from taxation. 'The intervention of the Romans prevented any further expedition against Egypt : and a treaty wa.s made by which Ptolemy Epiphanes took in marriage A.'s daughter Cleo- patra, who was promised as her dower the three provinces of C(ele-Syria, Phoenicia, and Pal. (Polyb. xxviii. 17; Apt). Si/r. 5; Liv. xxxv. 13; Jos. .int. XII. iv. 1). Tlie transfer of the iirovinces them- selves appears not to have taken place, thou"h the queen for a time sliared in their revenue. Jud;ea was probably occupied by Sj'rian and Egyp. garri sons side by side ; and the people were subjected to a twofold tyranny. A. retained the nominal sovereignty ; but in B.C. 196 ho left P«J. in order to conduct an expedition against Asia Minor (l,iv. xxxiii. 19), and became involved in a long war with Rome. He wa."i liiially defeated in the battle of Magnesia (B.C. 190), ami three years later wils killed in an insurrection at Elyniais. Dn H'"'" is traditionally interpretetl of him, and he is men tioned in I Mac P" 8"'. The statements in I lie latter passage should be compared with Aini. Si/r. 36 and Liv. xxxvii. 44, 66. R. W. .\loss.
ANTIOCHUS lY. EPIPHANES ('Ejr,.^av.)t, 'illus- trious'; al.-<o nanu'il ^Trifiafiit, 'madman,' Polyb. xxvi. 10; viK-qipipoi, 'victorious,' and Ceit, on coins and in Jos. Ant. XII. v. 5), second son of A. the (Jreat, waa for 14 years a hostage at Ronie, and, after expelling lleliiicloriis, succcedi'd his own brother Seleucus Philopalor in B.C. 175. lli.'<
106 ANTIOCHUS IV. EPIPHANES
ANTIOCHUS V.
policy was to spread Greek culture (Tac. Hist. v. 8) Ihiough his dominions, and so knit the various peoples into a compact and single-purposed unity. Soon after his accession he was called upon to settle a dispute at Jerus. between the high priest Onias III. and his brother Jason, the leader of the Hellenizing party. Onias was driven from Jerus. (2 Mac 4*"°) ; and Jason secured the high priesthood by the payment to the king of a large sum of money and the promise thoroughly to Hellenlze the city (2 Mac 4»-'«, 1 Mac l'""" ; Jos. Ant. Xll. V. 1). A. soon after visited the city in person, and was received with every mark of honour (2 Mac 4"). In B.C. 171 Jason was himself supplanted by Menelaus, who offered larger bribes ; but the next year he was encouraged by a rumour of the king's death in Egypt to besiege Jerus. (2 Mac 5'). The tidings reaclied A. as he was in the midst of his second prosperous campaign in Egypt, and at once, ' in a furious mind,' he marchea against Jerus. The city was taken, many thousands of the people were massacred, and the temple was robbed of its treasures (1 Mac 1»--*, 2 Mac 5"-'> ; Jos. Ant. XII. v. 3 ; Apion. ii. 7). Philip, a Phrygian of specially barbarous temper (2 Mac 5'-), was left behind as governor of Jerus., and A. proceeded with the spoils of the temple to Antioch.
In B.C. 168 A. set out on his last expedition against Egypt, and was approaching Alexandria to besiege it when he received from the Romans peremptory orders to refrain from making war upon the Ptolemies (App. Syr. 66 ; Liv. xlv. 12 ; Polyb. xxix. 11 ; Justin, xxxiv. 3) Reluctantly he withdrew from Egypt, and vented his rage upon Jerus. (see Dn 11*'). ApoUonius, one of the cliief officers of revenue, was detached with an army of 22,000 men, with instructions to exterminate the Je%vish people and to colonise the city with Greeks (2 Mao 5", 1 Mac 1^- *«). AvaUing himself of the •Sabbath law, ApoUonius chose that day for entrance into Jerus., and met with no efi'ective resistance. The men were killed, except a few who took refuge with Judas Maccaboeus in flight, and the women and children sold into slavery. The city was set on fire, its walls thrown down, and their materials used to fortify anew the old city of David, which thenceforth uninterruptedly for 26 years was occupied by a Syrian garrison. Menelaus stOl remained hi"h priest, but it is difficult to under- stand what his duties were, as the daily sacrifices are said to have ceased in the mon'h of Sivan (June).