food and trusty supporters ; many thousands of ews were settled in the cities of Phrygia (Jos. Ant. XII. iii. f.; Cicero, pro Flacco, 28. 66-8); and a synagogue at Antioch is mentioned Ac 13'^ The influence ascribed to the ladies of Antioch (Ao 13**) is characteristic of Phrygia and Asia Minor generally, where women enjoyed great considera- tion, and often held office in the cities (see Parij", Quatenu.i/emince res publiais attigerint, 1891 ).
LiTKRATiTRE, — Antioch is described bv Anmdel, Piscoveriet in As. Min. i. "JSl f., and by Hamilton, iiexetin-ht'K in As. Min. L 472 f. : see also Ramsay, Church in liom. Einp. pp. 'Z.S-yrt, St. Paul, pp. 9i»-107 : inadequate articles in Pauly-Wissowa. hncy. clop., and other geographical dictionaries: many inscriptions io Sterrett, Kpirjraphic Jourr\ey in A$. Min. p. 121 fT., H o(/c Ex- pedition in Ag. itin. p. 218ff. ; Ritter, Krdkunde von Anien, xxi. p. 46S, collects all the earlier accounts of travellere. See the article on Galatia. W. RI. RaMSAY.
ANTIOCHIANS ('A.-noxf". 2 Mac i*- '»). — The efforts of Antiochus Epiphanes to spread Gr. culture and Gr. customs throughout his dominions were diligently furthered by a section of the Jews
ANTIOCHIS
ANTIOCHUS rV. EPIPHAXKS 105
The leader of this Hellenizin^' party, Jason, brotliur of the high priest Onias III., offered a lar^e sum of money to Antioeliua to induce the kmj; to transfer the hitjh priesthood to himself, and aion;; with certain other favours to allow the inhabitants of Jerusalem 'to be enrolled as Antiochians,' that is, to grant them the titles and privileges of citizens of Antioch. What was the precise nature of the desired privileges we do not know. Antiochus acceded to the proposal of Jason, and shortly after- wards a party of ' Antiochians ' from Jerusjilem was sent by him as a sacred deputation, to convey a contribution of money for the festival of Heracles at Tyre, H. A. White.
ANTIOCHIS ('Akt<ox(5, 2 Mac 4*'), a concubine of Antiochus Epiphanes, who, in accordance with an old Oriental custom, assiraed to her for her maintenance the revenues of the two Cilician cities. Tarsus and Mallus. This grant gave rise to disturbances among the inhabitants of the two cities, but we are not told what means were taken by Antiochus to allay their discontent.
H. A. White.
ANTIOCHUS ('AKTfoxot, I Mac 12" \4^ ; cf. Jos. Ant. XIIL V. 8), the father of Nuiuenius, who was one of the envoys sent {c. 144 B.C.) by Jonathan the Maccabee to renew tlie covenant made by Judas with the Romans, and to enter into friendly rela- tions with the Spartans. H. A- White.
ANTIOCHUS I. {'Ayrloxot, 'the opposer'), sur- nnmed Soter, 'deliverer,' was bom B.C. 324, son of of Seleucufl Nikator and of Apania, a princess of Sogdiana. He succeeded his fatlier (B.C. 280) on the throne of Syria, but during the nineteen years of his reign was concerned chiefly with the prose- cntion of his claims to the throne of Macedonia, with the maintenance of his empire against Kelts and eastern revolts, and with the repression of the Gauls who had settled in Asia Minor. He was slain by one of the latter in battle (B.C. 261). The posse.ssion of Coile-Syria was a matter of dispute Detween him and I'tolemy Philadelplius (1st Syrian War), but it remained under the sovereignty of the latter, and the S. districts do not ai)pear to have been invaded by Antiochus. K. W. Moss.
ANTIOCHUS II. (sumamed Theos, 'a god') ■ncceeded hia father, A. I., as kin" of Syria in B.C. 261. His kingdom was invaded soon after bis accession by the generals of Ptolemy Philadelplius (2nd Syrian War), who occupied several of the principal towns on the coast of Asia Minor. Peace was concluded (B.C. 250), probably on condition that A. should put away Ins wife l.aodice, marry Berenice, daughter of iHolemy, and transfer the niccession to her issue (Athen. ii. 45). In a short time either Laodice was recalled, or A. endeavoured to reconcile her ; but, in mistrust or revenge for the insult passed upon her, she plotted against A., ■aiused him (B.C. 24G) to be poisoned and Berenice's infant to be put to death, and secured the throne for her son Seleucus (App. Si/r. 65 ; Justin, x.\vii. 1 ; Val. Max. ix. 14. 1). There are strong evidences that A. conferred upon several cities of Asia Minor a democratic constitution and the rights of auto- nomy. His surname was given him oy the Miles- ians in gratitude for his victory over their tyrai.t Timarclius (App. Si/r. 65). I'he .lews in these cities, and notalily in K|)liesus, shared in tln-so rights of citizenship; and this was the ca.so, both in the arrangement of cities rebuilt during the Hellenic age, and in the reorganisation of older cities elVected chiefly by A. II. See Arrian, i. 17. 10 and 18. 2j Jos. Ant. XII. iii. 2; Apion. ii. ♦ ; Ditteiiberger, S;/ll<"jc hi.irrijit. Grwc. nn. I('i(i, 171. Dn 11' is traditionally interpreted of Anti-
ochus (Jerome, ad Dnn. 11"), but the latter part of the verse is almost hopelessly corrupt.