The chief Apocalyptic writings which will be treated of in this Dictionary are —
1. Apocalypse of Baruch, a composite work written 50-90 A.D. in Palestine, if not in Jerus., by four Pharisees. Preserved only in S3rriac.
2. Ethiopic Book of Enoch, written originally in Heb. by at least five ^Jasid authors, 200-64 B.C., in Palestine. Preserved in Ethiopic and partly in Greek and Latin.
3. Slavonic Book of Enoch, or The Book of the Secrets of Enoch, \vritten by an Alexandrian Jew about the beginning of the Christian era. Pre- served only in Slavonic.
4. Ascension of Isaiah, a composite work written, 1-100 A.D., by Jevvish and Christian authors. Pre- served in Ethiopic and partly in Latin.
5. Book of Jubilees, written originally in Hebrew by a Pal. Jew, probably 40-10 B.C. Preserved in Ethiopic, and partially in Hebrew, Syriac, Greek, and Latin.
6. Assumption of Moses, written in Palestine, probably in Heb. or Aram., 14-30 A.D., by a Pharisee. Preserved only in Latin.
7. Testaments of the XII. Patriarchs, a com-
Sosite work written originally in Hebrew by two evvish authors belonging to the legalistic and apocalyptic sides of Pharisaism, 130 B.C.-IO A.D., and interpolated by a succession of Christian writers down to the fourth century A.D. Pre- served in the ancient Greek and Armenian ver- sions.
8. Psalms of Solomon, written originally in Heb. by a Pharisee (or Pharisees), 70-40 B.C.
9. Sibylline Oracles, written in Greek hexa- meters by Jewish and Christian authors, 180 B.C.- 350 A.D.
LiTBRATTTRK. — Hilpenfeld, Die Jiidische Apokalyptik, 1867 ; Drummond, The JeicUh Messiah, 1877 ; Smend, 'Jewish Apoca- l.l-ptic" in ZATW (1S8S) pp. 222-260; Schjirer, UJP II. iiL "«iq. R. H. CHAKLKS.
APOCRYPHA The title 'The Apocrypha," oi
' The Apocrypha of the OT,' is applied by English-
APOCRYPHA
APOCRYPHA
in
Bpeaking Protestants to the following collection of books and parts of books : —
BOOU.
i. 1 (l^draa ... ....
IL i EMlroa
UL Tobit
It. Judith
V. The rcat of the chapters of the Book of Esther
(i.e. lO^lC^]
ri. The Wisdom of Solomon
Tii. The Wisdom of Jesus the aon of Sirach, or
Ecclesiasticus
/iii. Barudi . . ...
[Ch. vi. = The Epistle of Jeremv) . . ll. The Sonpof the Three Holy Children .
(i.e. Tlie Praver of Azarias and the Song of the Three.]" X. The History of Susanna ... xi. The History of the Destruction of Bel and the
Dragon
(ix. X. and xi. are the Additions to the Book
of Daniel]
xij. The Prayer of Manasses
xiii. 1 Maccabees
xiv. 2 Maccabee4 ........
1 En
2 Es To Jth
Ad. Est Wis
Sir Bar
Ep. Jer Three
Sus
Bel
Ad. Dn Pr.Man
1 Mao
2 Mao
Both the collection, and the use of the word Apocrypha as its title, are distinctively Protestant, though having roots in the history of the OT Canon. The collection consists of the excess of the Lat. Vulg. over the Heb. OT ; and this excess is due to the Gr. LXX, from which the old Lat. VS was made. The ditrerence between the Prot. and the Rom. Cath. OT eoes back, then, to a difference between Pal. and Alex. Jews. The matter is complicated, however, by the fact that the Vulg. was revised after the Ueb. by Jerome, and that the extant MSS of the LXX differ much in contents and order. For clearness and for reference in the later discussion, the following tables are given. They represent the official Vulg. (ed. 1592) ; the two chief MSS of LXX ; the Canon of Cyril, as a representative of the view of the E. Church ; and (he Hebrew. The books of our A. are printed in italics, other uncan. books, not in the A., in capitals.
thei=e, 1 and 2 Es are not in Luther's Bible, and
2 Es is not in the hXX. Vn the other hand,
3 and 4 Mac are couimonly present in the LXX, but are not found in the Vulg. and A. Tlie same is true of Ps 151. Further, the many more or less signilicant variations of LXX from Heb. OT, in text and order, do not appear in this comparison, for, owing to Jerome, the Vulg. follows the Heb. in the can. books, the LXX only in the case of books not extant in Heb. The A., then, can be said only in a general way to represent the dili'erence between the Heb. and the Gr. OT. The books of the A. are treated in this Dictionary individually under their titles. Under the heading- Apocrypha two matters require consideration : tlie history of the use of the word ' Apocnjph/i ' in reference to books ; and the history and significance of the collection now so called.* Witli these the present article will deal in the following order : —
L The word Apocrypha.
1. The Hiildt-n Books of Judaism.
2. The words ijeniizim and hizo7iim,
8. The Hidden Books of Christianity, and the word Ajificrypha. U. The Apocrypha in Judaism.
1. The Urij^in of the Collection.
a. The Work of the Scribes.
b. The A. in relation to the Ha^o^rapha.
e. Palestinian and Hellenistic elements in theA. L Its Use and Relation to the Canon.
a. In Hellenistic Judaism.
b. In Palestinian Judaism.
8. Its Relation to the Religious Tendencies and Parties of Judaism. liL The Apocrj'pha in Christianity.