AWE.— Besides He 1^ RV (for AV ' reverence,' Gr. J^os), only in the phrase 'stand in awe.' AV gives Ps 4* (in), 3,r {tr.), and 119"' {ir.p). RV re- tains these, changin" also ' fear ' into ' stand in awe ' in Ps 22» (k->.;), Is 29-=' (p;;) ; and ' was afraid ' into 'stood in awe of in 1 S 18" {-oi), Mai 2' (a^rr). Ruskiu {Mud. Painters, II. in. i. 14, § 26) says that awe is the contemplation of dreadfulnesa from a position of safety, as a stormy sea from the shore ; while fear is the contemplation of dreadf Illness when one is obnoxious to danger from it. Perhaps it was \vith a feeling for some dis- tinction of this kind that RV made those changes ; but in old Eng. awe stood for fear or dread even of an acute kind, and no such distinction can be discovered in AV either from the Heb. or the English words. Cf. Shaks. J. C. I. ii. 95 —
' 1 had aa lief not be as live to be In awe of such a tbiujf as I myself. '
J. Hastings.
AWL (yyij).- An instrument mentioned in Ex 21' and Dt 15" in connexion with the boring of the ear of a slave. In Syria the awl is used only by shoemakers and other workers in leather. It la straight, and tapers to a sharp poinit.
W. Carslaw.
AX, AXE (in most modem editions of AV spell ax, although the edition of 1011 had axe through- out) is EV tr. of seven Heb. words, the distinction between which cannot always be discovered. 1. ii-^; (probably 'pick-axe') Dt 19» 20", 1 K 6', Is 10'". 2. D-jn (properly 'sword') Ezk 26". 3. Va'3 (KV •hatchet") Ps 74*. 4. .-niij 2 S 12". The sanii' word should be read in the parallel passajrc 1 Ch 2u"' for 8. t);?, which means 'saw' (cf. :f and 2 S 12>"). 6. irjp Is 44" ( A V ' tongs '), Jer 10^. 7. ci-;5 .Ig 9«, 1 S 13 »■»', Ps 74», Jer 46-^
In NT axe occurs twice (Mt 3'", Lk 3») as tr. ol iiirri- See also the following article.
J. A. Sgldik.
206
4.XE
AZARIAH
AXE. — Two types of axe were known in both Egypt and Palestine. One was developed from the Btone axe, and is longer from back to edge than it ia acroaa.
BRONZE AXB.
(Fiom Tell el Hesy.) *
The other type was purely metallic, and was developed from a sharp ed^e of metal inserted into a stick, as seen in early Egyp. forma.
OOPPKR AXE (BATTLE AXBTX
(From Tell el Hesy.)*
Probably the first type was used as a tool, the second as a weapon.
In Egypt the axe was attached to the handle, but neither passed through the other. In Assyria the axe appears to have passed through the handle (Bonomi, Nineveh, fig. 69). But the handle passing through the axe, as in modem usage, is unknown until the Roman age.
The material of axes as tools was first stone, then copper, bronze, and, lastly, iron. The latter metal was unknown for tools in Egypt, and still rare in Assyria at 700 B.C. Hence the use of the word * iron ' for axe-head among a party of peasants in Pal. two centuries earlier (2 K 6'), seems as if it were a variation due to a later copyist. W. M. Flinders Pktrie.
AXLE, AXLETREE.— See Wheel.
AZAEL {'AfdTjXos). — Father of the Jonathan who with Ezekias undertook the investigation of the matter of the foreign marriages (1 Es 9", cf. Ezr 10" Asahel).
AZAELDS (B 'AfdijXot, A 'AfaiiX), 1 Es 9»«.— One of those who put away their ' strange ' wives after the return under Ezra. There ia no corresponding name in Ezr 10".
AZALIAH ('i;^ss 'whom J" hath set apart'; 2 K 22», 2 Ch 34»).— Father of Shaphan, the scribe under Josiah.
AZANIAH (n;:i(« 'J" hath heard ').— A Levite (Neh 10»). See Genealogy.
AZARAIAS (B 'Afopafos, A Sapaks, AV Saraias), 1 Es 8'. — Seraiah, the father, or more prob. a more remote ancestor, of Ezra (Speaker's Com. on 2 Es 1'). H. St. J. Thackeray.
• By kind permiaaion of the Cominittee of the Palestine Kxyloratioo Fuod.
AZAREL(SN-iiy).— 1. A Korhite fol. ower of David at Ziklag (1 Ch"" 12«). 2. A sou of Heman (1 Ch 25'"), called in v.* Uzziel. 3. Son of JeroUam, prince of the tribe of Dan when David numbered the people (1 Ch 2T^). i. A son of Bani, who had married a foreign wife (Ezr lO'"). 5. A priest, the son of Ahzai (Neh 11"). 6. One of tlie Levite musicians who marched upon the ri^ht at the dedication of the walls (Neh 12^). (AV h-as in the first five instances Azareel, and in No. 6 Azarael.)
J. A. Selbie.