LiTKRATURB. — MarquaMt, Rdmwche Staattverwaltung, I. pp. 365-374 ; Kitt«r, Ktnntuien, i. pp. 2:i6-339, ii. 230-272 ; Ramsay, Hut. (leog. of A$ia ilinor, pp. 267-319, 34ft-3S6, 449 f., and the map in St. ^aut the Trav. for provincial divisions ; N'eubauer, Giog. du Talmud ; Th. Beinach, Humigm. det Roit de Capp.
\V. M. Ramsay.
CAPTAIN I. In the Old Testament.— The
AV translates no fewer than 13 different Heb. words by 'captain,' and many of these words have other renderings as well. The RV has scarcely introduced much greater consistency. (1) v, of ten translated 'prince,' used especially of 'captains of thousands' (xMapx"^), etc., and of the 'captain of the host ' (ipx^'^l>°^^Tr°^)- For the ' captain of the host of the Lord' (Jos 5"-'»), and for 'Michael your prince' (also -i} Dn 10^' etc.), see under GOD and Anoel. (2) T)j, the foremost officer, used of
the king (1 S 9" — RV prince or leader, LXX dp^un")! the same Heb. word is used also of the ' leader of the house of Aaron ' (1 Ch 12-''), and of the ' mlere of the house of God' (2 Ch 35* etc.). See below.
(3) rsii, literally head, Nu 14'' etc., LXX dpxTrii.
(4) K-\i% literally lifted up, Nu 2^ etc., RV prince, LXX ipx'^'- (5) l'5'i'' literally one who decides, Jg 11' etc., RV chief (except Dn 11'*), LXX apx-ntlii or Tiyouiievos. (6) "ijro, RV marshal, Jer 51'-'', Nah 3". (7) ■"'n;, usually of the governor of a territory, 2 K 18-^, Hag 1' etc. (8) 3-! = (l), only in later Heb., e.^ 2 K 25*. (9) "^l';, baal, ' master,' Jer 37", captain of the ward. (10)b*'VEx 14', 2 K 9^ etc., probably knight or equerry, LXX Tpiffrdrijs. The other three words are (in AV) mistranslated captain, 2 K !!*• '•, Jer 13^, Ezk 21'^ (ns, r^\W, -ij, respectively).
II. Captain represents three words in the NT (1) x'^i'apxos — used vaguely of a military officer, and technically as the equivalent of the Roman 'prsefectus' or ' tribunus militum.' One such officer was regularly in charge of the Roman garri- son at Jerusalem, which probably consisted of a cohort of auxiliaries, about 1000 men in all. The commander would be a Roman citizen (Ac 22'*), the soldiers provincials (not Jews, but many of them Samaritans), who would receive the franchise on discharge. Whether the word has the technical or the vaguer sense in Jn 18" is not clear. (2) arpa- T,^6s_used in Lk 22*- =» and Ac 4' 5"- « of the captain of the Temple, together vdih his chief subordinates, who are perhaps the same as the three ' keepers of the threshold ' (2 K 25", Jer 35^ and see Josephus, Ant. X. viii. 5). This captain (Tjj, see (2) above) is mentioned Jer 20' (LXX ^oiy^evos) and Neh 11", and is called in 2 Mac 3* Trporrirris tov Upov, and in Josephus {Ant. XX. vL 2, etc.) arpaTTiyis. Probably he and his chief sub- ordinates are indicated by the term ' rulers ' in Ezr 9^ and often in Neh (o"JJf, LXX a-rpaTiryot or dpxovTes) : see Schiirer, HJp II. i. 258. The captain was at least a Levite, and commanded a small body of police, probably themselves priests j and he had the duty of keeping order in the Temple, and watching there by night. (3) apxnyli' — He 2'" — probably to be understood rather as author and beginner than as commander in a fight (cf. Ac 3'^ 5", He 12'^).
'The captain of the guard (aTpaToinSdpx-n^, Ac 28" TR and AV) would, perhaps, be the 'princeps castrorum peregrinorum ' ; it would hardly mean the ' pr.-efectus praetorio,' whose title is never so rendered in Greek. But the sentence is omitted by RV following the best authorities : it is, how- ever, an ancient ' Western reading,' and possibly records a real tradition. (See Mommsen in Sitzungsb. d. kgl. preuss. A/cad. d. Wissensch., phil.- hist. Classe, 1895, p. 495, and art. Pr.etorium.)
W. O. Burrows.
CAPTIVITY See Israel.
CARABASION (B Kapa^acHiiv, A -aniv), 1 Es 9". — A corrupt name of one of those who put away their 'strange' wives. It seems to correspond to Meremotu in Ezr lO*'. The conjecture that it should be read koJ 'Va^aaLwn is not supported (as is stated in Speaker's Comm.) by the Vat. text.
H. St. J. Thackeray.
CARAVAN, not used in AV, is given by RV in Job 6" ''•' (n'.TiN est.) for AV 'paths,' 'troops'; in Is 21" (ptcp. of n-is) for AV ' travelling companies' ; and in Lzk 27-° ' The ships of Tarshish were thy cara- vans for thy merchandise,' for AV ' The ships of Tarshish did sing of thee in thy market,' taking rn^' from "I'lr to travel (after Gesen.) not tc to si?ig. But Davidson doubts : ' The camel has been called the shi]i of the desert, but conversely to call an east-indiaman a caravan is too brilliant for the prophet.' See his note. In older Eng , however.
CARBUNCLE
CAKE
353
the word mi^'lit have been applicable without creditinf; Ezekiel with the brilliant metai>hor, since ' caravan ' was used from the be^. of the 17th to tlie middle of the 18th cent, for a fleet of ships, as Fuller, Com. on Ruth (IQai): 'A caravan . . . sailing in the vast ocean.' J. HASTINGS.