led the water across the vale, along the face of the cliff in a rock-cut channel, and into the plain at Minyeh suthciently high to water a large area. Historical evidence is on the whole favourable to Khdn Minyeh. Antoninus Martyr (GUli) is claimed on both sides ; but the latter site is sujiported |py Arculfus, end of 7th cent. ; St. Willibald, middle of 8tli cent.: Eugesippus, middle of 12th cent.; Brocardius, end of l.'itii cent.; Quaresimus, l(i2il, who says that a ruin, called in Arab. Minieh, is the site of Capernaum.
The absence of any reminiscence of the ancient name is a diftieulty with some. But from the Talm. we learn that C. was, for the Jews, associated with the Minim, the name by which they desig- nated the Christians, who were numerous in the city. The HiitA of the Talm., 'the sinners,' are the sons of Caphar Mahum, and again these are identified with the Minim. Among the Jews, C. was the city of Menai down to the 14th cent. The name given to the inhabitants is probably preserved in Khdn Minyeh. The balance of evidence is at present greatly in favour of this site. W. EwiNQ.
CAPH or KiPH O).— Eleventh letter of Heb. alphabet, and as such used in the 119th P.salm to designate the Uth part, each verse of which begins with this letter.
CAPHARSALAMA (Xa^apo-aXaMd), 1 Mac 7".— Apparently near Jerus. Kefr Silivcln, the village of Siioam, is possibly intended. SWF, vol. iii. sh. xvii.
CAPHIRA (A. Ko<^iprf, B Ueipd), 1 Es 5".— A town of Benj., inhabitants of which returned with Zerub. In Ezr 2^ CHEI'HIRAII (it^j, B Ka^ei/jo, A -i-) ; cf. Neh 7^. See Chephirah.
CAPHTOR (ninirs, nnh!:?, XaipffopKL/i, Caphiorim). — The Caplitorim were geographically connected with E^'ypt according to Gn lO" ; and in Dt 2^ we read : ' The Avvim, which dwelt in villages as far as (iaza, the Caplitorim, which came forth out of Caphtor, destroyed them, and dwelt in their stead.' Here the C'ai)htorim are identified with the Philistines, who are stated to have come from Caphtor in Am 9' and Jer 47* (where Caphtor is called an 'isle' or ' coastland '). Consequently in (in 10'* the words, 'whence went forth the I'liilis- tines,' must be out of place, and should follow Caplitorim instead of Casluhim. Caphtor has been ident ified with bot h (\ypnis and Crete, hut the names do not aj;ree. Kliers {^h'r/ y/iteji und die Biichcr Moses, IS(iS) proposed to see in Caphtor an Egyp. coiiipouiid Kaft-ur, 'Greater Kaft' or ' Pluenicia,' anil made it the coast of the Delta, which was thickly covered with Phoenician colonies. Hut this theory has been overthrown by the excavation of the temple of Koni Oiiiho in Upper Egypt in 189'2. On the wall of the south external curidor is a series of cartouches containing the naiiu-s of the countries supposed to have been coinniercd by Ptolemy Auletes and collected from older monu- ments of various ages. Among the names are those of Kaptar (Caphtor) and Kasluliet (Casluhiin), each with the determinative of 'country' attacliid to it. Kaptar emls the first line, and is immediately pre- ceded by the names of Persia, Susa, Babylon, and PontUH, while Kasluliet (followed by Zoar) is the fifth name of the second line, whidi begins with the inhabitants of the Sinaitic peninsula and northern Syria. The names, however, have prob- ably bei'ii registere<l at haphazard, so that no conclusimi can he drawn from their order.
The Philistines seem to have entered Palestine in the course of the great inviusion of Egypt by the niirlhiTii nations in the eighth year of liamses in
352
CAPPADOCIA
CAKAVAX
Prof. PrAsek combines this fact wnth the statement of Justin, that in B.C. 1209 a kinj; of Ashkelon stormed Sidon, and that the fugitive SiJonians founded Tj-re. The dates would agree very well. At any rate, the Pulista or Philistines are closely associated with tlie Zakkal (Teukrians?) in tlie attack on Egypt in the time of Ramses III. , whereas the latter appear alone in an earlier attack in the time of Merenptah.
From 1 S 30", Ezk 25", Zeph 2», we may gather that the PhUistiQes were also known as the Cherethites or Cretans, as the Sept. tran- scribes the name. In this case Caphtor must be identified with Crete, or at all events -with some district in that island. Recent discoveries have shown that Crete was a centre of culture in the prehistoric age of the eastern Mediterranean, and ilr A. Evans has pointed out that it possessed a peculiar system of pictorial writing (see his article on • Primitive Pictographs ' in the Journal of Hellenic Studies, xiv. 1894). A. H. Sayce.
CAPPADOCIA (KoinroSoK£a), a large country in the E. of Asia Minor, was formed into a Rom. pro%-ince by Tiberius in A.D. 17, on the death of king Archelaus. It was administered by a pro- curator, sent out by the reigning emperor ; and it was treated as an unimportant outlyin" district. In A.D. 70, however, Vespasian united it with Armenia Minor as one of the great frontier pro- vinces of the empire, placing it under the rule of a legatus Augusti pro prcetore, who was selected by the emperor from among the ex-consuls ; and he stationed a legion (XII. Fulminata) at Melitene as garrison to maintain the defence of the Euphrates line. At this period a great territory, ruled by Antiochus Epiphanes of Commagene, lying be- tween the provinces Cilicia and Cappadocia, and including part of Lycaonia, was incorporated in C. ; and under succeeding emperors, especially Trajan, the size and importance of the province were greatly increased, and more troops were stationed in it. The commercial capital of the province was Caesareia - Eusebeia • Rlazaka ; the military centres were Melitene and (after Trajan) Satala. Between about A.D. 76 and 106, both Galatia and C. were placed under one gover- nor. Jews in C. are mentioned in Ac 2", and implied in Philo, Leg. ad Gaium, § 36 (Mang. ii. 587) : a letter in their favour from the Kom. Senate to Ariarathes, kin^ of C, about B.C. 139, is men- tioned 1 Mac 15^: m the 3rd cent, after .Christ and later, a great Jewish population in Ca;sareia is alluded to in the Talmud. The easy road from Tarsus through the Cilician Gates tempted them onwards towards the N., to take advantage of the lucrative trade between Central Asia and the Black Sea harbours, esp. Amisus : the road passed tlirough C. and Pontus (Ac 18-). This trading connexion led to the early extension of Christianity over both countries (1 P 1').