CARVING.- 1. Can-ed (KV graven) image (Vcs), the ligure of deities and such-like sculptures used in i.lolatrous worship (Jg 18", 2 Ch Xi'-^, Zi"-*). Tcref pcfcl, idolatrous food, is a Jewish name
for NT. 2. Caning in relief-work (rU'^P? '■■"'5), as in the ornamental panelling in the holy place of the temple (1 K 6'.", Ps 74"), the two words in the former passage indicating the raised effect (nip) and the hollowing of the gouge (l''7i7). 3. ' Carved works,' RV 'striped' (nbc.i), spoken of a bed-cover (Pr 7'«).*
Decorative art among the Hebrews was meagre and unoriginal, and generally debased what it imitated (see ART, Aechitf.cture). It had little to encourage it, as its chief employment was in the sen-ice of religion, and the true religion was the worship of the Invisible. The Ileb. mind differed from the Greek in obeying an ordinance because it was an ordinance, rather than because of the com- pulsion of its inward beauty. In the building of Solomon's temple the best art available was em- ployed upon the richest materials, but the details are more about outlay than effect, and the point of view in the description is sacrifice rather than symmetry. The result of the finished glory is left to be imagined. Finally, the second command- ment was interpreted as a specific prohibition. In the same way tne Moslems abstain from the repre- sentation of life in ornament, and have developed the decorative treatment of geometrical form.
G. M. Mackie.
CASE {casus, anything that befalls one, hence any condition of one's affairs) : Ps 144" ' Happy is the people tliat is in such a case' (.Vl ; cf. Ac 25" RV) ; Jn 5* ' he had been now a long time in that case' ; 2 Es 16-' ' they shall think themselves to be in good case ' (cf. Geneva Bible, Gn 40" ' When thou art in good case, show mercie unto rae,' AV ' Wlien it shall be well with thee ') ; Ex 5" ' they were in evil case,' cf. Jon 4" RV ; Dt 19* ' this is the case of the slayer ' (-i?-?) ; and Mt 19'" ' if the case of the man be so with his wife' (oWa). The phrase ' in any case ' occurs in the obs. sense ' by any means ' in Dt 22' ' thou shalt in any case brinjj them again' ('bringing thou shalt bring,' RV 'thou shalt surely bring'); and 24". In Mt S*' ' Ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven,' the Gr. is the two negatives (ov /jl-/)), which, in the declining lang. of NT, are not always more emphatic tlian the single negative, but they seem to be .so here (RV ' in no wise '). In Ro 3' RV gives 'are we in worse case than they?' for AV 'are we better than they?' (Gr. irpotxiMf^". See Kield, Otium Norv. iii. ad luc, and an excellent note in Sanday-Headlam's Romans).
J. Hastings.
CASEMENT.— See House.
CASIPHIA (K.-cpj, or, in full, o\p?n i«;?p; 'the place Casiphia ').— Judging from the two refer- ences to this citv in Ezr 8", it was situated on or near the nver Aliava, on the way from liabylon to Jerusalem ; but neither of these names is to be located with certainty. If C. he connected with the word kcscph, 'silver,' as is im]>lied by the LXX tr. ((v dpyvplifi toO riirou), 'with the money of the [dace,' it may have been situated in the 'land of silver' (Sarsu or Zirsu) mcntiuiied in the well-known As.syr. (Jeogr. tablet iVAJ ii. .')1 : but as the position of this place also is un- known, it does not help us to identify the site of Casiphia. The city seems to have been the home of the Nethinim or 'temple-servants' during the reign of Artaxerxes. L A. PiNCllES.
CASLUHIM (c-^::, 'S.atTiiwmelti). — A name occur- ring in <;n lO", I'Cli 1", in connexion with tlie names of other peoples there spoken of as descended
• The cojjn. Arab, fiatfia nioanfl * toti€ of a dark, dusky colour'" hence the reference may Iw to some dark hued, or perhans darkly-striped, atult. (CI. Amni. ptcp. mfhaiMlhii, ' varienated, In S>T. VS of 2 8 13'», and see Oa/. Heb. Ltx. $. 3Bn.)
358
CASPHOR
CASTLE
from Alizraim, esp. the Caphtorim and Philistines (which see).
CASPHOR (Koff^iip, 1 Mac 5" ; Xa<T<piiv, Xa<r<piie, 1 Mac 5^, AV Casphon; KaffTclr, 2 Mac 12'», Caspin). — Near a large lake in Gilead. The site is tuiknuwn.
CASSIA. — Tliis word occurs in three places in OT, and is AV and KV reudering for two Heb. words. 1. .Tjp, kiddah, LXX Ex 30^ i>!, but Ezk 27" omits. 2. riyxp kczi'Cth, Kaala., casta. Pa 45'. It is highly probable tliat the reference in both these Ueb. words is to the cassin lignea, the product of Cinnamomum Cassia, Blume. Two substances are believed to be obtained from this species, (a) Cassia bark, cortex cassice, a kind of aromatic bark, with the smell and flavour of cinna- mon, and resembling it in general appearance and properties. The root kidatih, in both Heb. and Arab., signiiieB a «<ry), and seems to refer to the strips of the bark of cassia lignea. The Arab. VS has salikhah for cassia, from a root also meaning to strip off or decorticate. The exact substance meant by salikhah is as uncertain as that intended by cassia. It is also called 'arfaj and ramth, and is probablj the same as darstni. (6) Cassia buds, clavelli ctnnamomi, the immature flowers of the above. Both are produced in China. Coarser varieties are produced in Malabar, Manilla, and Mauritius. It is probable that they were known to the Greeks and Romans, although the accounts of cassia given in the classical authors are inde- finite and conflicting. The cassia, of Scripture must not be confounded with the species of the genus cassia which yield the senna of commerce and medicine. Nor is it at all probable, notwith- standing the LXX tpi.% that it is orris.