Probably for rea-sons already stated, C. does not again ai)pear in OT as the scene of any sacred function ; but in heathen hands the sanctity of the hill was preserved. Tacitus describes it as the site of an oracle, without on image ' tantum ara et reverentia' [Hist. ii. 78); and Vespasian, having sacrificed here, is said to have received from the priests the prediction that he would be emiieror (Suetonius, Vesvas. 5). Jamblichus ( Vit. Pijth. iii. (15)) describes C. as 'sacred above all mountains, and forbidden of access to the vulgar ' (see \V. U. Smith, US 146). As we have seen, the probable site of Elijah's altar ia still held sacred by the Druses. But it is Christianity which has diielly perpetuated the ancient sanctity of C, and the mountain has given its name to the great order of ('armclife I'riars, whose convent stands upon the promontory above the sea. lA>ui3 the Saint,
356 CARMELITE, CARMELITESS
CAKRIAGE
of France, founded the convent ; but its legends trace tlie order of its monks in unbroken succession from Elijah himself, by Elisha, the sons of the prophets, John the Baptist, and the Essenes ! The church of the convent is dedicated to the Virgin Mary, whom the interpretation of the Rom. Church sees prefigured in the cloud for which Elijah sent his servant to look ; and who, according to many legends, frequented the neighbourhood of the convent with the child Jesus,
LiTKRATUKK. — Besides works quoted above, see Seetzen, Rexten^ ii. 9ti(. ; Robinson, BR iii. 1S9 ; Conder, Tent-Work, i. 169 if. ; Laurence Oliphant, various papers in the PEF Quarterly, 1882- 1888. and his L\fe by Mrs. Oliphant. G. A. SMITH.
CARMELITE, CARMELITESS ('VTlsn, n•^I?^^!^).— An inhabitant of Carmel in Judah, which is to be distinguished from the well-known Carmel in the north ; it lies in the small but fertile plateau between Hebron and the south desert. Nabal lived with his wife Abigail at Maon, a mile to the S., bnt his farms were at Carmel (1 S 25-). Maon, Carmel, and Ziph are mentioned together, Jos 15"" ; cf. G. A. Smith, Hist. Geogr. p. 306. Hezrai (or Hezro), one of David's 'tnirty,' came from this district (2 S 23»»). J. F. Stennino.
CARUI ("m;). — 1, A Judahite, the father of Achan (Jos 7'- '», 1 Ch 2'). 2. The Carmi of 1 Ch 4' should probably be corrected, with Well, and Kittel, to Chelubai ("5^?), i.e. Caleb (cf. 1 Ch ^- '8). 3. The eponym of a Reubenite family (Gn 46', Ex 6", 1 Ch 6»), the Carmites of Nu 26". See Genealogy.
CARMONIANS (Carmonii, 2 Es IS", AV Car- manians). — A people occupying an extensive dis- trict north of the entrance to the Persian Gulf, between Persis on the west and Gedrosia on the east. Accounts of the country and of the people, who are said to have resembled the Medes and Persians in customs and language, are to be found in Strabo (xv. p. 726), Ptolemy (vi. 8), Am. Mar- cellinus (xxiii. 6), and other ancient writers. The name survives in the present town and district of Kirman. In the above verse, which is one of the late additions to the Second Book of Esdras, it is said that the Carmanians shall come forth like wild boars, shall join battle with the ' dragons of Arabia,' and lay waste a portion of the land of the Assyrians. The reference is probably to Sapor I. (A.D. 240-273), the founder of the Sassanid dynasty, who, after defeating Valerian, overran Syria, and destroyed Antioch. He was subsequently driven back acroa.'s the Euphrates by Oda!nathus and Zenobia (cf. Lupton in Speaker's Com. ad loc). The errone- ous form Carmonians, which is supported by the best Latin MSS, is possibly due to confusion witli Carmona, an important city in Spain (so .James in TexU and Studies, III. iL p. Ixx). H. A. WHITE.
CARNAIM, Kapi't,;', 1 Mac 5-"- (Kapvitv) ■"• «, and Camion (ri) Kapi'ioi'j, 3 Mac Vi"- ■'' (UVni Carnain). — The ancient Ashteroth-Karnaim (which see).
CARNAL, CARNALLY.— In OT of sexual inter- couise. l.v IS ' I'J", Nu 5'^ But in NT = 'of the flcsh ' (aapKiKis). In Ro 8' 'the carnal mind,' tir. is (fipivritia. TTis dapxis, RV 'mind of the flesh'; so He 9'". ' carn.il ordinances'; StKatii/iaTa aapK6s, 'ordinances of flesh.' See FLE8U.
CARNION.— See Carnaim.
CARPENTER (i^lij ' artificer,' f.^. 2 K 22'; f! •'^-' ' artilioiT in wood.' c i/. 2K 12"; TfKTwv. Mt Hi'*, Mk I! ).— The early use of timber structures and agricultural tools must have necessitated some
form of carpentry among the Isr. in primitive times, and tne close intercourse of the Hebrews with the Egyptians who have left mural repre- sentations of carpenters at work with a variety of tools, aflbrded an opportunity for the development of the art. Nevertheless, the Jews were backward in technical skill. In the first mention of car- penters in the Bible they are foreigners imported into Pal. for builders' work, which would seem to have been beyond the capacity of the Isr. themselves. Phoen. workmen were engaged on the building of David's house, Hiram of Tyre sending carpenters to work the timber which he also furnished (2 S 5"). Similarly, the timber work as well as the masonry in Solomon's temple was executed by Phoen. artisans owing to the confessed inability of the Jews (1 K 5'), the Jewish workmen only assisting as labourers (1 K 5"). When, however, carpenters appear at the restoration of the temple by Jehoash, there is no mention of these men being foreigners (2 K 12^'). Those who repaired the temple under Josiah also seem to have been Jews (2 K 22°). Nebuchadrezzar carried the carpenters and smiths together with Jeconiah and the princes into captivity (Jer 24' 29", where, indeed, we only read bj^ij, not ('y itJ-iij ; but then the mention of 'smiths' suggests that the 'artificers' were workers in wood). In Is 44" there is a picture of a carpenter with his tools carving a wooden idol ; but this refers to a Bab. artist. At the rebuilding of the temple under Zerub. the carpenters appear to have been Phoe- nicians (Ezr 3'). Zechariah's 'carpenters' may have been any kind of artisans. According to the first Gospel, Joseph was a carpenter (Mt 13") ; according to the second, Jesus Himself (Mk 6'). Justin Martyr (c. A.D. 150) states that 'He was in the habit of working as a carpenter when among men, making ploughs and yokes' (Trypho, 88). This more definite statement is not attributed to the Memoirs of t/ie Apostles, and seems to have been derived from tradition. See Delitzsch, Jeioish Artisan Life. W. F. Adeney.