CARPUS.— An inhabitant of Troas, with whom St. Paul stayed, probably on his last journey to Rome (2 Ti 4"). The name is Greek, but we have no means of proving his nationality. His memory is honoured, as one of the seventy disciples, by the Greek Church on May 26, and by the Roman and Syrian Churches on October 13. A late tradition found in the list of the seventy disciples, attri- buted to Hippolytus, and in that by Dorotheus, describes him as having become bishop of Berytus or Beroea, in Thrace. (Acta Sanctorum, May 26, ( )ct. 13 ; Monologion, May 26 ; Nilles, Kalen- flarium Manuale, i. pp. 165, 461.) W. LOCK.
CARRIAGE. — In the AV this word occurs five times in the OT, once in the NT, and four times in the Apocrypha, but never in the sense which the word bears in modern English. It denotes regularly 'something carried,' or, as we should saj', ' baggage.' The passages are arranged below according to the various Heb. or Gr. words rendered by carriage.
(1) 1 S n'^"". Is 10^''??, LXX ffftein}— a word of very wide signification, and corresponding roughly to tne English 'things.' In the first place in Samuel tlie ref. is to the present brought by David to his brothers in Saul's army, in the second and in Isaiah to the b.iggage of an army. RV ' And David left his l>aggage in the hand of the keeper of the baggage.' 'At Alichmash he layeth up his baggage.'
(2) Is 40' c;'niKi'j = yo«r carried things, of the Babylonian ijols, which the priests were accus- tomed to carry about in solenm procession. RV ■ The things that ye carried about.
CARSHKNA
CASLUHIM
357
(31 Jg 18=' .1713511, LXX tA /Jdpos, but A (tt;!- KTTitriy airroD) ttji' (vSolov = the heavy, or perliaps the prcriniis goods, refemn;^ to the baggiiye of the Danites, or more probably to the images which iiaii been stolen out of Micah's house. liV 'the goods.'
(4) Ac 21" ' IVe took up our carrinijes' is the translation of iTriffKcvaffinevoi. The (Ireek word expresses the completion of the preparations neces- sary for the journey from Ciesarea to Jerusalem ; but others understand the term of the loading of the Imjrgage animals. liV 'We took up our baggage,' liVm 'made ready.'
In tlie Apocr\-]iha, carriage, i.e. baggage, repre- sents iirapTia. ( Jth 2" 3'") and d7ro<T«w) ( 1 Mac SP- »»).
In the margin of the A V the phra.ses, ' the place of the carriage,' and ' in the midst of liLs carriages,' occur as alternative renderings to the word 'trench' found in the te.xt of 1 S 17" 26». The Heb. expression is '9;i'? (LXX 17" (rrpory- ydXiaaii ; 20' Xa/j-vqi'Ti), and denotes the circular 'laager' or barrica<ie formed by the baggage and baggage-wagons round tlie place of encampment. RV 'the place of the wagons.' RVm ' barricade.' Even here ' carriage ' is probably not to be under- stoo<l in the modem sense of ' a vehicle.' See Camp. H. A. White.
CARSHENA (k;p;).— One of the wise men or coun.sellors of king Ahasuerus, Est 1". See Admatha.
CART (■'i'jj;, i)w^a, plaustnim — in the AV the same word is also rendered wacon in Gn 4o"-"-'^ 40', Nu l^"-). — Such vehicles, drawn usually by two oxen (Nu 7'-'-», 1 S 6'- ">, cf. 2 S G^), were used for the conveyance of persons (Gn I.e.), goods (Nu I.e., 1 and 2 S II. c, and Jth 15'"), or produce (Am 2''). Artificial roads seem to have existed in Palestine from a very early period (Nu 20'», Jl' 2i)'\ 1 S i.>"): and the Canaanites conquered by Joshua at the Waters of Merom possessed war chariots (.Jos 1 1", cf. 17"* "*). Nevertheless, the rough mountainous country of .ludah and of central Pal. was not suit- able for vehicles, and it is to be noticed that we first hear of wagons in connexion with the Hat country of Egypt, or the level pl.ain of Philistia. Carts for agricultural produce may well have been used from the earliest times (Am 2", cf. Is 6"), and for these roads would not be required (see G. A. Smith, Hilt. Geog. p. 6117 IT. ). 'I'lie wagons men- tioned in Nu 7^ were probably covered vehicles (LXX Xa^j-jji-iital, Aq. aKciraaTai) ; but the word 2f is obscure, occurring again only in Is fiiy" in the sense of ' litters? 'The ordinary carts prob- ably resembled those still in use in the East, which have two wheels of solid wood ; but on monuments from Nineveh and Egypt we find representations of vehicles with two and four wheels, the wheels being constructed with six or eight spokes (Laynrd, Nineveh, ii. 396; Wilkin- son, Anc. Eqyp. ii. 211, iii. 179).
In Is 28-''- (perhaps also in Am 2'') the 'cart' of EV is really a threshing wagon. Similar instru- ments are still to he seen in the East. Tliev consist of three or four parallel rollers, ridged witli iron, and litted into a square wooden frame (.see AOHICULTUHE). Horses are employed to draw these threshing wagons in Syria at the present day (comp. G. A. Smitii, Hiit. (ieng. p. 613), and they were us(.d for this purpose oven in Isaiah's time, if the ordinary text of Is 28=» is correct (see Dulim,
adloc.). H. A. White.