G. M. Mackie.
CHANT was formerly (and is still poetically) used as a simple synonym for 'sing.' So Am 6' 'that chant (Coverdale, 'synge') to the sound of the viol ' {aip [all], RV ' sing idle songs ').
CHANUNEOS {Xavovraioi, AV Channuneus), 1 Es 8** (•" LXX). — A Levite, answering to Merari, if to anything, in the parallel list in Ezr 8".
CHAPEL. — The Prankish kings looked with special reverence on the cnpelln or cloak of St. Martin, which was carried before them in battle and invoked in oaths. The name capella was then used for the sanctuary in whicli its capellani guarded this treasure. By steps which can readily be traced, the same designation came to be given to any sanctuary attached to a palace and containing holy relics, to any private sanctuary, to any room or building for worsliip, not being a church. Our AV em]j!oys its English equivalent chapel at Am 7'^, but the RV lias discarded this in favour of sanctuary. The latter comes nearer the mean- ing of the original, mikdaxh, which signifies a holy place. The former, however, aptly suggests th.at dependence on the king which was one of the characteristics of the sanctuary at Bethel. As an English Chapel Royal is not a parish church belong- ing to the public, but a place of worship under the control and meant for the use of the sovereign, so were such buildings as that at Bethel intended primarily for the kin". Itwas by his permission that the people found a place there. Even at Jerusalem, Solomon built temple and palace in close proximity to each other : cf. Ezk 43*. Chapel occurs also in 1 Mac 1" (RV 'shrine'), 2 Mac lO''' (RV 'sacred in closure '), 11' (RV ' sacred place '). J. TAYLOR.
CHAPHEXATHA
CHARGER
371
CHAPHENATHA (Xa<pevaei), 1 Mac 12".— Close to Jerus. on the east. Unknown.
CHAPITER (from Lat. caput, throngh the FreUL-li) is now displaced, in ordinary speech, by the connate form 'capital,' which the Anierican Revision Company wisli to substitute for tlie older form retained by the IJritish Kevisers. 1. n-;n3, LXX iriSefw., the spherical capital, 5 cubits hi;,'h, of each of Uie two great brazen pillars — J ACUIN and BOAZ (wh. see) — of Solomon's temple. The pas8aj,'e recordin;; the construction of these pill.ars, 1 K7""'' (with wliich cf. 2 K 25", 2 Ch 4'-- '^ .Jer 52--), is one of the worst preserved in the OT, and niucli un- certainty still prevails as to the precise form and ornamentation of the capitals. For details see art. TEiMPLE, and compare the reconstruction of Stade in hia Gesch. d. Volkcs Israel, i. p. 332, and of Perrot and Chipiez in Hi<:t. of Art in Sardinia and Juflira (Kng. tr.), i. plates 6 and 7. In 2 Ch 3" nfV is used lor these chapiters. 2. n-inr appears in MT of 1 K 7" as a part of the brazen lavers made by Hiram for the temple, but is almost certainly a corruption of nrrj (Ewald, Stade, Klost.). See Lavkr. 3. In Ex 36^ we read that the upper portions or tops (:^•~K^, EV 'their chapiters') of the live pillars which supported the 'screen for the door of the tent' (RV) were to be overlaid with golil, while the corresponding parts of the pillars of the court were to be overhiid with silver (E.\ 38"- '"• ^). Although all these pillars were of one piece, the parts thus treated would have the appearance of capitals (LXX KKpaXlSe^).
A. li. S. Kennedy.
CHAPMAN (Anglo-Sax. cedp ' trade,' and mann ' man ') is used only once in AV, 2 Ch 9" ' Beside that which chapmen and merchants brought-.' (•b';n o~!"'7. RV ' the chapmen,' Amer. RV ' the traders'). For the same Heb., RV gives 'chapmen' (AV •merchantmen') 1 K 10", and it is an appropriate tr. if the word had been still in u.se. For its meaning cf. Rogers (16J2), 'It is not a meete thing tuat man should be both chapman and customer.' J. Hastings.
CHAPT. — Jer 14* 'Because the ground is chapt,
for there was no rain in the earth ' (ni:^ri, Amer. KV 'chapped,' RVm 'dismayed,' for the Heb. has both meanings). Bradley (1727) in his Farmer's iJirl. speaks of 'claiey or stiti' earth . . . subject to chap during the heat of summer ' ; but the word, which means ' cracked,' is no longer used of land.
J. Hastings. CHARAATHALAN (B XapoaffaXd^ A XopA 'A9a\dp, AV Charaathalar), 1 Es 5*".— A name given to a liailer of certain families who returned from Bahylon under Zeruh. But ' Char.oalhalan leading them and Allar' is diie to some perversion of the original, which has ' Cherub, Addan, Immer,' three names of places in Bab., from which the return was made (Ezr 2* pK 3i5, Xapoi/i (A yiepoi^), "Hadi-; cf. Neh 7"'). The form in 1 Es may be partly accounted for by confusion between 9 and B, and between A and A. H. St. J. Tiiackeuav.
CHARAX (Xipa-ta, t/t TOK, 2 Mac 12", RV 'to ChaniN,' AV 'to Characa').— East of Jordan, and apparently in t.he land of Tob. Unknown.
CHAREA (A S.apd, B om.), 1 Es 5'»=HaBSIIA, Ezr 2»-. Neh 7*'.
CHARGE, CHARGEABLE.— To charge (late Lat. carricarc to load, from carrus a wagon, whence old I'r.rArtr7Cr)is'toload,'andacAar(7cis'aload,'aa we still speak of ' charging' a gun, an(( of its 'charge.' But in the Bible the word is used only hguratively. 1. To burden one, or be a burden on one, AV 'be