-Assyrian chariots did not ditl'er in any essential points from the Egyptian. They were, however, completely panelled at the sides, and a shield was sometimes hung at the back. The wheels had six, or, at a later period, eight spokes ; the felloes were broad, and seem to have been formed of three distinct circles of wood, sometimes surrounded by a metal tire. While only two horses were attached to the yoke, in the older monuments a third horse is generally to be seen, which was prob
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373
ably used as a reserve. The later chariots are square in front, not rounded ; tlie car itself is lar^'er and higher ; the cases for weapons are ijlaced in front, not at tlie side ; and only two horses are used. The harness dill'ers somewhat from the Egj'ptian. A broad collar pjisses round the neck, from which hangs a breast ornament, the whole being secured by a triple strap under the belly of the horse. As in tgypt, there are no traces visible ; two driving-reins are attached to each horse, but the bearing-rein seems to be un- known. In addition to the warrior and the charioteer, we often see a third man, who bears a shield ; and a fourth occupant of the chariot some- times appears.
The Hittite chariots, as represented on Egyp. monuments, regularly contain three warriors. In constructiun they are plainer and more solid than the Egyptian, and the sides are not open. The chariots on Persian sculptures closely resemble the Assyrian.
In Sir 49" the first vision of Ezekiel is alluded to as ' the chariot of the cherubim,' and that cliapter (Ezk 1), under the title of 'the chariot,' Hgures largely in later Jewish mystical speculation. Cf. Schurer, HJP II. i. 347.
LinSRiTUttB.— La.vanI, Xineveh (1849), it 348-356; RawUnson, Fivt Great ilonarchUa (1804), ii. l-2i ; Wilkinson. Aucunt Hjyptiant {\^1\ L 336-369; Nowock, i?«6. Archtiolonie, i. 300 f.
H. A. White. CHARITY.— From 1 Co 8' onwards ' charity ' is frequently employed in AV as the tr. of d^djn; ; in KV it does not occur.
The Gr. word «y<e«-ti is supposed to have been coined by the IjXX. It is found in no prolanc author, not even in Josephus, snd only once in Philo (i. ;lb;i). In LXX it occurs 2 S 1^' (A) 13'», lEc 9i«, Ca 24- ">■ ' 35- 10 68 71- 84- 8- ^", Jer 2« always as tr. of ■ij-K ; and in Wis 39 618, sir 48". It has been supposed that the LXX felt the need of a wonl of purer stujfrcstion than any in existence, but 2 8 1315 (the love of Amnon (ur Tamar) disproves thai supposition. >Vhot the L.\.\ seems to have felt the need of wo» a ttrortger word than either iy^rr:ris or fiX.'x, with which they elsewhere translate n^rrht. Thus La 2 S ISi', £c 91-s it is used in emphatic contnut to ' hate.'
When Christianity came, having received the new revelation of the love o/ Otnt, it found this word as vet unspoilt by couunon use, and adopted it to exprt-ss the new divine itlea. Perhaps the fact that the LXX h.id usetl it to express the iJiUnsity of love, mode it the more easily a/iopted, for this was now also a leading thought, as in 1 Jn 48. is • uod is love,' and 4^0 * Herein is love, not that we loved Uod,' etc.
The word is used 117 times in NT (including: iyiww, * love- feasts,' Judeia land 2 P 2" L Tr Wll)), always of love with which God has somethint' to do. Its distribution, accord, to Moulton and Geiicn's XT C'lmcord,^ is as follows : Synop. 2 (Mt 24", Lk 114^, Jn 7, Ro 9, 1 Co 14, 2 Co 9, Gal 8, Eph 10, Ph 4, Col 6, 1 Th 6, 2 Th 3, 1 Ti 6, 2 Ti 4, Tit 1, I'hilcm 3, He 2. 1 P S, 2 P 2, IJn 18, 2 Jn 2, 3 Jn 1, Jude 3, Rev 2. That Is, Synop. 2, Jd (including Rev) 30, Paul 76, He 2, P 6, Jude 3. It is not used in Mk, Ac, Ja.
Jerome experienced the difficulty which has been attributed to the LXX. There was no direct equivalent in Latin for ayamt. Amor was impossible, suggesting idolatry as well as sensuality. Ue sometimes chose dw.ctio, esteem, and sometimes caritas {charUa*)t deamess, though both words, being comparatively weak, missed the very point for which tLyetv^ hod first been coined. DUectio is found in Vul^'. 24 times, carilag 90 times (1 P 614 gives a different tr.) ; but the choice of one or the other Heems accidental.
Wyclif followed the Vulgate, giving Move* for dilfctio and ' charity ' for caritas everywhere, except in Col 18. 13 where he has ' loving ' for diiectio, not * love ' ; and in 1 Oo 134 where ho uses the pronoun ' it' for the third caritas.
Tindale M,vHtenialically avoided ecclesiastical words, and so dis- carded 'charity ' entirely, using Move' everywhere, except Ro 1418 * charitably ' (jMTi ayirtir)^ uid Ool 113 'His dear Hon* for ' the Son of his love.' Tindale was followed by Covenialc, the Great Hiblo, and the Geneva Bible, except that the Geneva bus 'charity' in Kev '24- 1».
The Bishops restored * charity * Into the foil, places : Ro 1310 DO 1 Co gl 131-a-».4fet-»- 1>»<*141 1014, Col 314, 1 Th 3«- « 6«, 2 Th 13, I Ti 1» 21» 41', 2 TI 2*1 S", Tit &. 1 P 4»6U 614, t pl7, 1 Jn 81, S Jn«, Judel", Rev 21»: while they accepted llndale's 'charitably* in Bo lil^, and his 'dear Son' In Ool 11».