5. Spiritual sense of father, son, brother. — The nse of the word so7i in a fig. sense carries the three chief meanings of the literal use, namely, (1) affec- tion, (2) obedience, (3) likeness. By these signifi-
cations we must interpret ' sons of the Highest, 'children of belial,' 'son of peace — perdition — dis obedience — the coiumaiidment.' The new creature born of the Sjiirit receives new preferences and powers for the new life in Christ Jesus. St. Pau] siieaUs of Timothy and Onesiraus as his children ; and St. John finds his chief delight in the fact that his children walk in the truth. The Lord's Prayer is an assemblage of all that the children should be and do and expect in order to please their Father in heaven. In the proliibition, 'call no man your father upon the earth ' (Mt 23"), the allusion was most likely to a formality of ecclesi- astical homage, like the salutation ' Kabbi ' of v.* Among the Syrian Christians it is customary tc salute the priest as A buna ('our father ').
In the East the family is always reckoned from the standpoint of the chief or oldest representa- tive. Those whom he calls children are brethren. Thus the women of Bethlehem said, ' There is n child born to Naomi ' (Ru 4"). This custom gave B vital and atiectionate largeness of meaning to the word 'brother.' When Christians seek to realise the brotherhood that belongs to the society of the redeemed, the most efi'ective way is found to be a return to Bible thought and Oriental custom, namely, united senice to the Head of the faniil_v, devotion to the Lord Jesus Christ. See also Family ; and for Children of God see God, Children of. G. M. Mackie.
CHILEAB (3x^3).— The second son of David by
Abigail, the wife of Nabal the Carmelite (2 S 3^). In 1 Ch 3' he is called Daniel, while the LXX in Sam. has AaXoi/id, which is also ''iven by A in 1 Ch ; but B reads ^aiiviifs.. Wellh. considers that 3x^5 is only a variant for aiSa, a bye-form of 3^j, and therefore not unsuitable for a descendant of the house of Caleb. A comparison of the Heh text, in which the last three letters of Chileab are repeated in the following word, favours the reading of the LXX, which would correspond to the Heli. .t'-i or vt'-t (Delaiah), cf. 1 Ch 3''" 24", Ezr 2*" = Xeh 7**,' Neh 6'", Jer Se'^- ■». J. F. Stenninq.
CHILION and Mahlon were the two sons of
Elimelech and Naomi, Ephrathites of Bethlehem- iudah, who migrated as a family into the country of aloab in consequence of a famine ' in the days when the judges judged '(Ru I'-*). They married women of the Moabites, Mahlon marrying Ruth and Chilion Orpah (Ru 4'"), and after a sojourn of ten years in Moabite territory died there. (Chilion = p'^3 'wasting away ' = KeXaiui', \(\aiuiv, LXX B. Mahlon = pSno ' sickly ' = MoaXiji', LXX, Mahalon, Vulg., as if the Heb. was originally read p^ij to connect the name with the hiph. ptcp. of ■"'i'ri.) Neither of these names occurs elsewhere in the Bible. Jesse is called an Eiihrathite of Bethlehcm- judah in 1 S 17". The two names occur in varying order in Ru 1' and 4*, so that no conclusion can be drawn as to which was the elder. The Targ. on 1 Ch 4-- connects them with the Joash and Saraph of that passage. H. A. Rf.dpath.
CHILMAD (tc"-?) occurs in Ezk 27" at the closn of the list of nations that traded with Tyre. The name has been thought to be the .Aram, form of Charmande, a town on the Euphrates mentioned by Xenophon (Anab. i. 5. 10). Georjje Smith identified Chilmad with the modem IvalwAdha near Baghdad. The LXX reads Xapuiv, which is perh.aps the prov. of Carniania in S. Persia. None of the.se conjectures has much probability. After Asshur (which there is no reason to suppose means anything else tlian Assyria) we should certainly expect a countrj' rather th.m a town, and at the end of the list an import.ant and well-known
CHTMHAM
CHIU^'
383
country. The Targ. seems to have read •id-'-: ('all ^ledia'). But the best suggestion, after all, '8 perhaps that of Joseph Kiinchi (adopted by Hitzig and Coriiill), who reads the word nf':?, explaining : ' [Asshur etc. were] as those accus- tomed to come to thee with their merchandise.' It is to be noted that the Heb. has no ' and ' before Chilmad. The whole verse, however, shows traces of textual derangement. J. Skinnee.
CHIMHAM (nno?, |TO3).— Probably the son (cf. 1 K 2~) of Barzillai the Oileadite, who returned with DaN-id from bevond Jordan to Jerus. after the death of Absalom (2 S 193"-). Ace. to Jer41"(^'cr«CTO;), C. ■would seem to have erected a caravanserai near Bethlehem for the benetit of those traveUing from Jerus. to Egypt ; others suppose that tlie inn was named after him as the owner of the land, and infer that C. received some land near Bethlehem from Da\id. See Barzillai. J. F. Stenning.
CHIMNEY In Hos 13' 'as the smoke out of
the c.,' the Heb. is 'druhhnh (^r";s), a Idtth-e, hence a latticed opening in a room whence the smoke escajjes. But in 2 Es 6'' [all] ' c' is the tr. of Lat. camimis, the very word from which c. comes ; and the meaning is not the flue or vent, but the lire-