* Schroder, in the obovo-cltod po.s80ge, states that Sokknt i:i another name for Ailar or Adrammelech, and thot as A-tar = Father of Fate, so Sak.knt = Head of Decision, both wortls b«ijig of AccodiAn-Sumerion orifln.
381
CHLOE
CHRISTIAN
of another, as in nThc'y, T,hb, nch, and so on. In this case the pointing is taken from the word (•!??• shiqquf, "abomination."' J. TavLOR.
CHLOE (XXiTj), mentioned only in 1 Co 1".— St. Paul had been informed of the ((rx'^Mara) dissen- sions at Corinth uir6 Tuf SXotjs, i.e. prob. by some of her Christian slaves. Chloe herself may have been either a Christian or a heathen, and may have lived either at Corinth or at Ephesus. In favour of the latter is St. Paul's usual tact, which would not suggest the invidious mention of his inform- ants' names, if they were members of the Corinth- ian Church. A. Robertson.
CHOBA (XujSd), Jth 4*. Chobai (Xw^ai), Jth 15«- », noticed with Damascus. — Perhaps the land of hooan.
CHOKE. — Death by drowning is not now de- scribed as ' choking ' ; so in Mk 5" ' the herd . . . were choked in the sea,' Amer. RV changes ' choked ' into ' drowned ' ; but RV retains, to pre- serve uniformity in tr. of Tr^-ivw. ' Choking ' occurs Sir 51* ' from the c. of tire ' (dirA iryiyij.oO irvpSs).
J. Hastings.
CHOL& (XoiXd). — An nnknown locality men- tionea in Jth 15*.
CHOLER (Gr. xo^^/>o> I^O'^- cholera), bile, is ased in Sir 31-° 37^ in the sense of a disease, ' perhaps cholera, diarrhcea' — Oxf. Eng. Diet. [xoXipa, RV 'colic'); and in Dn 8' 11" in the sense of bitter anger (Ti;). Both meanings are old, and belonged indeed to the Lat. cholera as early as the 3rd and 4th cent. J. HASTINGS.
CHORAZIN (TR Mt IP' Xopaflf, Lk ICXupaff,- ; TTrWH always Xopaj-ciV). — A town situated at the N. end of the Sea of Galilee on the \V. of the Jordan. The meaning of the name is uncertain. It was a ' city ' f'n-iXis), and therefore possessed a synagogue. Our Lord laboured in it, as is shown by His mention of it in Mt 1 P>, Lk 10''. It is not mentioned in Josephus, but the Jews long after the time of Christ praised the superior quality of its wheat (B«i. Tal. 'Menahoth' 85 A). Jerome (c. A. D. 400) locates it at two miles from Capernaum, but says that it was deserted. Beyond these meagre notices the place has no history. Thomson (1857) found a ruin called Kerazeh, which from its location and the correspondence of names he thought was the site of Chorazin. Wilson (1SC6) examined and described the remains at this place, and confirms the identiUcjtion of Thomson. This view is now generally accepted. The ruins are of some import- ance, the entire stonework, walls, columns, and ornamentation being composed of black basalt rock. A short paved road ran from the town to the great caravan road leading past the Sea of Galdee to Damascus. S. Merrill.
CHOREE (XopjS^, AV Corbe), 1 Es 5'»=Zaccai,
Ezr 2», Neh "'*.
CH0SAM;EUS. — In 1 Es 9»» Sf^xwr Xoaana'm A, or Xocrd/iao! B, takes the place of pi'PP, the reading of the parallel passage Ezr 10^' (see Simeon, No. 2). It is not improbable that the Gr. reading is due to a copyist's error, especially seeing that the three proper names that follow Simeon in the text of Ezra are omitted in 1 Es.
J. A. Selbib.
CHRIST.— See Jesus Christ, and Messiah.
CHRISTIAN (Xptanavki, Ac 11" 26^, 1 P 4").— The name borne by the ' followers of Christ ' in all ages and countries from NT times.
I. Place and date of origin. — According to th« account in Ac 11-' the first to have the name applied to them were the members of the church at Antioch. This fact is especially mentioned by the author of the Acts in a manner which shows that he attached great significance to it. The evangelising work in the city of Antioch wa? being carried out by men of Cyprus and Cyrene (i.e. by Hellenists), and thougli perhaps not directed to Gentiles who had no previous con- nexion with the synagogue (for we can scarcely substitute "EXXtjkos for 'S,\\tivl(tt6.s in face of the MS evidence; see Westcott and Hort, N.T. in Greek, Introd. ad loc), yet on more liberal lines than hitherto. In Antioch, too, was established the first considerable church outside Palestine. The mother-church of Jerus. was not slow to recognise the importance of these events. Barnabas was sent to guide and control the new community, and the result of a year's work in co-operation with his chosen partner, Saul, was that they ' taught a great multitude, and the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch.' We cannot fix exactly the date of this 'whole year' (v.^*), but it is certainly before the Herodian persecution of 44, and, to judge from the expressions of v." 12' (i* TaOrats rats ij^pais, Kar' iKuvov rbv Katpbv), not very long before it ; perhaps between 40-44, which leaves room for the possibility that the words fjrit iyivero iirl KXavdiov, 'which came to pass in the days of Claudius,' in v.^ maij imply that Agabus' prophecy was uttered in the reign of Caligula.