(2) St. Paul met at Corinth two Jews, Aquila and his wife Pri.scilla, who had come thither ' be- cause C. had commanded all the Jews to depart from Rome' (Ac IS''). Suetonius says (Claud. 25) that C. ' Juda'08 iirijiulsore Chresto assidue tumul- tuantes expulit.' Dio (LX. vi. 6), perhaps correct- ing Suet., asserts that the Jews, whose numbers were so great as to make expulsion difficult, were not indeed expelled, but only forbidden to assemble together. The general policy of C. towards the Jews was favourable, as is shown by the two edicts, one relating to Alexandria, the other to the whole empire (Jos. Ant. xix. V. 2, 3 ; cf. the edict of Petronius in XIX. vi. 3), which granted to them religious toleration, exemp- tion from the hated military service, and some measure of self-government. But we are expressly told that he wjis influenced by his jiersonal feeling towards Herod Agrippa I. (id. ib. XX. i. 1 ; cf. XIX. V. 2), to whom the emperor was indebted at the time of his accession (XIX. iv. 5). Not only did Agrippa receive ' consular honours ' and such ex- tensions of territory as to make his dominions coincide with those of Herod the Great, but his brother was given ' praetorian rank,' the rule over Chalcia, and, subsequently, certain other di.stricts, as well as the oversight of the temple { Dio, LX. viii. ; Jos. Ant. XX. vii. 1, i. 3), while his son is described as having ^eat influence at court (Jos. Ant. XX. i. 2; cf. VI. lii. ). Anger has accordingly shown that the edict of Ac 18' must be put during the years when Agrippa II. was absent from Home. As he remained m the capital till A.D. 50 (Wieseler, p. 67 n., 124), and had relumed before the end of 52 (Jos. Ant. XX. vi. 3), tlie.se limits may be re- garded as reasonably certain ; but the attemnt of Wieseler (pp. 125-8) to fix the date absolutely by a coni]iarison with Tac. Ann. xii. 52. 3, though interesting and ingenious, is hardly convincing. \t Ij no doubt true that the Jews often practised magic (e.q. Ac 8"), and Jews and magicians are often mentioned together, but they are, as Wieseler admits, clearly distinct, and "facitus does not mention the Jews at all in this connexion.
IjtTRRATt'RR.— l^hniann, CUiudixu und Mine Ztit, Lcipzic, 1877 (pp- l-*ifl p'ivf an ftcc^iint of the ori(final authoritioM) ; FiirTH-aux, The AunaU of Tacitiu, vol. ii,; Mulniiisen, ProviiiCft of limn. Evip. ch. xi. (Knc- tr. ); Wieseler, Ckronol. d. apogt. X^tnlt. ; NoHireii, Ajn*»ti-lttnichic.hte (on Ac U.cc., where re* lertncca to modern works iire niven).
P. V. M. Ben'ecke. CLAUDIUS LYSIAS (KXai'.5io5 Awrfoj), the mili- tary tribune of the Koman cohort in Jerus., who is
mentioned in Ac 21-23. Hearing that all Jerus. was in confusion, he came down with soldiers and centurions to investigate the cause of the uproar, and bound St. Paul with two chains. As the ' sicarii ' had recently become very prominent in Juda-a (cf. Jos. Ant. XX. viii. 5, 6), and were especially in evidence during the great festivals (id. liJ II. xiii. 3, 4), he imagined, the .season being Pente- cost, that St. Paul was an Egyptian who had recently led out 4000 'assassins' mto the wilder- ness (Ac 21**), and who is descril)ed by Jos. (BJ II. xiii. 5) as having had .SO, 000 associates in all. On discovering his mistake, L. allowed St. Paul to address the people from the castle stairs ; but the mention of the Gentiles renewed the disturbance, so that the tribime w.as obliged to bring him into the castle, and was onlj' prevented from examining him by scourging through receiv- ing the news that he was a Rom. citizen, and therefore by the Lex Porcia exempt from such treatment. L. next arranged an interview between St. Paul and the Jewish Council, but a dispute be- tween the Sadducees and Pharisees was the only result ; subsequently he learned that a conspiracy had been formed with the object of killing St. Paul, so he sent him to Ciesarea by night under an escort of 200 foot-soldiers, 70 horsemen, and 2t)0 ' spearmen ' (5f{ioXd/3oi, see Meyer on Ac 23=^). The letter given in Ac 23-''"*' as written by L. to the procurator Felix on this occasion has been con- sidered by some eminent critics to be an invention by the historian. The letter would alnmst cer- tainly have been WTitten in Latin, and the word TiSiros (v.*") would seem to imply that only the general sense is given. But it must be noticed that in v." L. represents himself as having rescued St. Paul because he discovered him to be a Roman, a falsification and inconsistency with Ac 23^'-'' of which the author of Ac, had he been inventing, would not have been guilty (see, on opposite sides, Wendt and Nosgen on Ac 23-'). The admission of L. that he had gained Rom. citizenship 'for a large sum ' (implying his incredulity that a native of Tarsus should be a citizen and yet apparently so poor) illustrates the * avarice of the Claudian times,' and the traffic in honours by Messalina and the imperial freedmen, partly due, no doubt, to a desire to replenish the trea-sury, partly to even more questionable motives, on which Dio Cassius indignantly comments (Ix. 17. 6). See Citizen- ship. P. V. M. Benecke.