2. Before passing from its physical uses we may notice an early application in the sense of complete, still retained in such a phrase as ' a c. sweep.' The only example of the adj. is Lv 23'* ' thou shalt not make c. riddance of the comers of thy field when thou reapest ' (RV ' shalt not wholly reap the coraers of thy field '). But the adv. is more frequent, Jos 3" ' all the peoj)le were passed c. over Jordan' (lu^S !sri were Jinished crossing), so 4'-", Ps 77" 'Is his mercy c. gone for ever?' Jl 1' ' he hath made it c. bare' ; Zee 11" ' his arm shall be c. dried up ' ; Wis 2'- ' he is c. contrary to our doings ' (^i-ai-xtoDrai) ; 2 P 2'" ' tliose that were c. e.scaped ' (TR ivruis iiro^'vydnTas, edd. dMyios dTo(peijyoi'ras, RV ' those who are just escaping ') ; and Ezk 37" RV 'we are c. cut oU' (AV 'cut off for our parts'). Cf. Hooker, Eccl. Pol. III. i. 13 ' Excommunication neither shutteth out from the mystical, nor clean from the visible Church.'
3. At a very early period the word passed into the language of religion to designate (1) that which does not ceremonially defile, whether (a) beasta, as Gn 7^ ' of every c. beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens'; Dt 14" 'Of all c. birds ye shall eat'; or (6) places, as Lv 4'^ 6" ' without the camp untx) a c. place ' ; or (c) things, as Is 66'-* ' the children of Israel shall bring an ofl'ering in a c. vessel ' ; Ezk 36^ ' I will sprinkle c. water upon you ' ; Lk 1 1" 'all things are c. unto you' (where the ethical [see 4] closely approaches) ; and Ro 14*' RV ' All things indeed are c' (/caSap6s, AV 'pure'); (2) persons who are not ceremonially defiled, as Lv 7" 'all that be (RV 'every one that is') c. shall eat thereof ' ; 1 S 20-" ' Something hath befallen him, he is not c. ; surely be is not c.'; Ezk 36^ (see above) 'ye shall be c' (passing into 4).
4. Closely related to this ceremonial use is the ethicnl, and quite as old. In passages like Ezk 36* Lk 11-", and esp. Jn IS'""*" 15' we see the one passing into the other ; in others the ethically stands out from the ceremonially religious mean- ing. Take first of all some passajjes where the Heb. is the usual vb. {idlier) or adj. (tdhdr) used for ceremonial cleanness: Ps 19* 'The fear of the Lord is c' (that is, the religion of J" is morally undefiled, in contrast to heathen religions ; ct. Ps 12" ' the words of the Lord are pure words,' where the Heb. is the same, a word freq. applied to 'pure' gold) : Lv le** 'from all your sins sluill ye be c' ; Gn 35'-' ' Put away the strange gods that are among you, and be c., and change your garments'; Ps 51' 'purge me with hyssop, and I sliall be c.'; 51'"" 'Create in me a clean lieart.' Next, where the Heb. is bar, that is, 'clean' because cleansed, 'bright' because polislied (as a p. arrow. Is 49-) ; Ps 73' ' such as are of c. heart ' ; Job 11* ' I am c. in tliine eyes' ; cf. Is 52" ' be ye c. that bear the vessels of the LORD ' (-n.;). Finally, where the Heb. is zAklidh or zitk/iak, 'bee.,' zak, 'c.,' always in a moral sense. Job 15" 'What is man that lie should be c. ?' ; 9** ' If I wash myself with snow water, and make my hands never so c' j 15" 'the heavens are not c. in his sight'; 33' 'I am c, without transgression'; Pr 16''' 'all the ways of a man are c. in his own eyes.'
5. In Ac 18" ' Your blood be upon your own heads ; I am c.,' the sense is guiltless, a very rare meaning for this word. Skene (1G09) says, ' Gif he be made quit, and cleane : all his gudes salbo restored to him.' See under CLEAR.
J. Hastings. CLEAR, CLEARNESS.— The orig. meanings oj these words (from Lat. claras) are ' bright,' 'brilliant,' 'manifest,' 'famous.' But the Eng. words early lulopted the moral sense of ' pure,' 'guiltless,' i)artly through the natural association of these ideas, and partly through confusion with the native words clean, cleanness. 1. Of the orig.
CLEAVK, CLEFT, CLIFF, CLIFT
CLOlvE
449
meanings, we find in AV (in aJd. to tlie mod. sense of ' manifest') (a) Bi iyhtness, 2 S 23' ' I5y c. sliining after rnin ' ; Am 8" ' I will darken the earth in the c. day ' Zee 14' ' the light shall not he c.' (KV ' with brightness'); Is ItC "like a c. heat uiion lierhs' (H}, KV 'like c. heat in sunshine'); Kev 22' 'c. as crystal' {Xan-rpis, UV 'briglit'); 21" ' c. as crj'stal {KprcrraWliUf) : so with 'clearness,' Ex 24'° 'as it were the body of heaven in bis c' (KV 'the very heaven for c.') ; 2 Es 2-' ' let the bliml man come into the sight of my c.' (KV 'glory'); (6) I'nl/i'ince, Job 11" 'thine age (KV 'thy life') shall be clearer than the noonday' (cp, KVm ' arise above '). Cf. Wyclifs tr. of Wis 6'^ ' Wisdom is cler' {Xafiirpos, AV 'glorious,' KV 'radiant'). A thing is bright often because it is unspotted, whence the transition is easy to moral spotlessness. We .see the transition taking place in Ca G'" ' fair as the moon, c. as the sun ' ("C) ; and Kev 21" ' th i city was pure gold, like unto c. glass' (KaSapus, K\ 'pure'). 2. Purity, innocence, I's 51* 'that thou mightest be ... c. when thou judgest' (■■'J!); Gn 24"^ *' '" ' thou shalt be c. from my oath ' (ifjj) ; Sus *• ' I am c. from the blood of this woman ' {ieC'oi) ; 2 Co 7" ' ye have ai)prove(I yourselves to be c. in this matter' (i.-yt>!)i). In this sense only is the verb used, Ex 34' 'that will by no means c.' [the guilty] = >'u 14'» ; Gn 44'« 'how shall we c. ourselves ': ' (p'us") ; 2 Co 7" ' what clearing of your- selves' (diroXiry/a). And in this sense there is a solitary instance of the nse of ' clearly,' Job 33' ' my lips shall utter knowledge c' (ti;, RV ' speak sincerely'), with which cf. Tillotson (1694), ' L)eal clearly and imjiartially with yourselves.'