.1. Hastings. CLEAVE, CLEFT, CLIFF, CLIFT.— There are two verbs ' to cleave ' distinct in origin and mean- ing. (1) Cleave, to split asunder, clave, cloven. (2) Cleave, to aiihere, cling, cleaved, cleaved. But the one lias afl'ected the other so as to cause some ctmfusioQ. Thus c. = to split, has also a past ptcp. cleft, Mic 1* 'the valleys shall be cleft'; ami c. = to stick, has the quite irregular past tense clave, more common in AV than any other form of either verb. Clift, meaning a fissure or crevice, is a word of distinct origin from either verb. It occurs in A V Ex 33^ ' I will put thee in a clift of the rock ' ; 8j>d Is 5"° ' under the clifts of the rocks.' In other places where it occurs in mod. edd. of AV it is spelt cleft (and KV so spells it in these passages) through confusion with the verbr^vfoe, ' to split.' Thus Ca 2", Jer 49'«, Ob », Is 2=' (KV 'caverns'). Am G". In Dt 14' ' Every beast that partetli the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws' (lit. ' cleaveth the cleft of the two hoofs '), the word •cleft' no doubt means the division of the hoof, but it is formed directly from 'cleave' in imitation of the Ileb. (cf. Lv 11' nps vcy t'Ci-"), the division or toe of the hoof being properly represented by 'claws.' This word 'clift' has been further con- fused witli cliff, a steep face of rock ; whence in Job 3i»« it is .spelt 'clifr* in mod. edd. of AV (1611 'rlift.s,' KV 'clefts'). The word 'clill' itself occurs once, 2 Ch 20" ' they come up by the c. of 7.ii{rh;p, RV 'ascent'). J. Hastings.
CLEMENT (K\:)/i7;s), a fellow-labourer with St. Paul lit I'hiliiipi (I'll 4'). It was commonly held In the earlj- Cliurch tliat this C. is to be identified witii Clemens Komanus, one of the first bishops of Home, who wrote the well-known Epi-ille to the Church of Corinth (cf. Orig. In Joan. i. 29; Eus. HE iii. 4). But, though in the absence of fuller information it is impossible to say for cer- tain, there are serious ditticullies both as to (dace and time in accepting this view. Thus we hear of Kt. Paul's fellow-lalwarer in connexion only with I'hilippi, while the ether C. is (us."^ciat VOL. I. — 2Q
inly with tcil with
Rome. Nor is it likely that the former can have lived till A.D. 110, that is, about 50 jears after the date of the Philippian Epistle, and before which date we cannot well place the death of the Kom. bishop. Again, as proving the commonness of the name, it has been pointed out that Tacitus alone mentions five Clements (Ann. i. 23, ii. 39, XV. 73 ; Hist. i. 86, iv. 68). (See Lightfoot on Ph 4', and detached note p. 166 ; and the same writer's Si. Clement of Home.) G. Milligan.
CLEOPAS (KXtiira?).— Only Lk 24" ; whether to be idciitilied with Clopas ot Jn 19^ and Alphaeus of Mt 10^ etc., see AXPHi£US and Bretur£N of THE Lord.
CLEOPATRA (KXfoTrdr^, ' sprung from a famous father'). — A female name of great antiquity (Apollod. ii. 1. 5 ; //. ix. 556), and very common in the families of the Ptolemies and Seleucida;.
1. A daughter of Antiochus the Great. In B.C. 193 she was married to Ptolemj' Epiphanes, with the taxes of Cu;le-Syria and Pal. as her dowry (Jerome ad Dan. 11" ; Jos. Ant. Xll. iv. 1 ; App. Syr. 5; Liv. xxxvii. 3; Polyb. xxviii. 17). Alter her husband's dea*h she ruled with vigour aa regent for her son until her own death, in B.C. 173.
2. A daughter of Cleopatra and Ptolemy Epi- phanes. She married in B.C. 17S her own brother Ptolemy Pliilometor (Ad. Est 11';, jnd afterwards her second brother Ptolemy Physcon (Liv. xlv. 13; Epit. 59 ; Justin, xxxviii. 8). Sne greatly favoured the Jews in Egypt (Jos. c. Apion. ii. 5), and en- couraged Onias iv. in the erection of the temple at Leontoiiolis (,Jos. Ant. Xlll. iii. '2).
3. A daughter of Cleopatra and Ptolemy Philo- metor. In B.C. 150 she was given in marriage by her father to Alexander Balas (1 Mac 10"- *" ; Jos. Ant. XIII. iv. 1). When Balas was driven into Arabia she became (B.C. 146) at her father's bidding the wife of his rival, Demetrius Nikator (1 Mac 11 '2; Jos. Ant. XIII. iv. 7; Liv. Epit. 52). Whilst Demetrius was detained in captivity amongst the Parthians, she married (B.C. 140) his brother, Antiochus Sidetes (Jos. Ant. XIII. vii. 1). Sidetes died in B.C. 128 ; but when Demetrius, after his restoration, sought helj) from Cleopatra, she refused to see him, and possibly instigated his murder (Jos. Ant. Xlll. ix. 3; Justin, xxxix. 1; Ajip. Syr. 68 ; Liv. Ejiit. 60). Her son, Antiochus Giypus, became king through her influence ; but, being detected in treason, she was compelled to take poison in B.C. 120 (Justin, xxxix. 2).
4. A native of Jerus., and wife of Herod the Great (Jos. Ant. xvii. i. 3). She was the mother of Philip, telrarch of Itura'a (Lk 3').
R. W. Moss. CLOKE, so in both AV and RV instead of mod. cloak (S'l'O mi'il, •i^ijv' simlah, etc. ; I^dTioi", (rroXii, etc., Arab, jubheh, ah6n\ etc.). — The cloke was the ordinary upper garment worn over the coat (ki'thOncth). The two occur together in MtS*", Lk 6^. The prominent meanings in these dili'erent terms are those of spaciousness, length, ornament, envelopment. Hence they are used to represent clothing in general, and translated 'apparel,' 'garment,' 'raiment,' 'vesture,' and metai)hori- cally aa the cloke of zeal (Is 59") or the robe oi righteousness (Is 61"). In size and material it varied according to age and sex, the class and occupation of the wearer : as shepherd, tradesman, jiriest, prince. In shape it miglit be sewn up to liave the surplice fonii of the robe of the eplioil (Ex 39^), or be worn loose and open, like a Geneva gown or Spanish cloak. It was the ' garment' not to be kept as a forfeited pledge (Ex '22 ', Dt 24'^|, the 'garment' of Joseph in Potiphar's house (Gn 39''''). It is the equivalent of ' mantle,' ' robe.' a»