The most remarkable work, however, is the • high-level aqueduct,' which probably entered Jerus. at the Jatfa Gate. It was apparently con- structed by Herod for the supply of the citadel and palace which he built on tlie W. hill, and of the fountains and irrigation channels in his palace gardens (BJ v. iv. 4) ; and it displays a very high degree of engineering skill. It derived no portion of its supply from the ' Pools of Solomon,' but had its head in Wddy Bk'tr, ' valley of wells,' where it passed through a tunnel about four miles Ion", which collected the water from several small springs, awl had numerous shafts leading to the surface. On issuing from the tunnel it entered a piscina, where any sediment contained in the water was deposited, and it aftervvards passed through a second tunnel 1700 ft. long, which had nine shafts, — one 115 ft. deep. The conduit crossed the valley in which the ' Pools of Solomon ' lie, above the upper pool, and at this point its level is 150 ft. above that of the ' low-level aqueduct.' One of its most interesting details is the inverted syphon, compo.sed of perforated limestone blocks, cased in rubble masonry, which crosses the valley between Bethlehem unA Mdr Eli&s. No details have come down to us of the manner in which the water con- veyed by the numerous conduits was distributed after it reached Jerus. ; but there were probably fountains, supplied by small conduits of lead or earthenware, as well as cisterns and pools, to which the public had access.
Amongst the conduits mentioned in the Bible are : ' the conduit of the upper pool,' at the end of which Isaiah was commanded to meet Ahaz (Is 7'), and beside which Sennacherib's messengers stood when they spoke to the people on the wall (2 K 18", Is 36^) ; that bv which the waters of Gihon were brought straight down to the \\". side of the city of David (2 Ch 32*') ; and that connected with the pool made by Hezekiah (2 K 20=°). The existence of conduits is also implied in Sir 48", Is 22^- ". In Sir 24*" there is an allusion to a conduit made for irrigating a garden.
C. W. Wilson.
CONEY (155' sMph&n, xo'POTP"^^"'', Socriirout, cfurrogryllus). — The coney is undoubtedly Hyrnx Syriacus. It is known by the S. Arabs as thtifn, evidently the same as sfulpkdn. In Pal. it is known as wnbr, and in Lebanon as tobsun. The Arabs also call it ghanam-Beni-Israil, the sheep of the Children of Israel. It is a perissodactyl, with dentition and feet strongly resembling those of the rhinoceros. It is as larpe as a rabbit, has short ears and a very short tail. Its colour is greyish- brown on the back and whitish on the belly, "it is declared unclean bj' the Mosaic law, because it
chews the cud, but does not di%-ide the hoof (Lt ) 1', Dt 14'). It is not a ruminant, but has a motion of the jaws similar to that of the ruminants. Bruce the traveller kept a tame one, and supposed, from the motion of its jaws, that it was a ruminant. Cowper made a similar mistake in regard to hij tame hares.
The conies are among the four 'exceeding wise' animals (Pr 30"--"); they are 'but a feeble folk, yet make they their houses in the rocks.' 'The rocks are a refuse for the conies ' (Ps 104"). They do not burrow like rabbits, but live in clefts and holes of the rocks. They are gregarious in habit, and strictly herbivorous. They are very shy, and usually come out of their holes towards evening. When feeding, an old male sits as sentry, and, on the approach of danger, gives a whistle or squeak as a warning to his companions, and they immedi- ately take ' refuge ' in the rocks. They are found all the way from Ras-Muhammed to Lebanon. The natives esteem their flesh a delicacy.
G. E. Post.
CONFECTION, CON FECTIONARY.— Confection occurs in AV only E.x 31)** ' a c. after the art of the apothecary ' (npi rCkah, RV ' perfume '), and Sir 38' ' Uf such doth the apothecary make a c' (ij.iy/ia, RV as A V) ; to which RV adds 1 Ch 9* ' the sons of the priests prepared the c. of the spices ' (nos^SO 'C!>\ AV 'made the ointment'). Thus 'c' is always something made vp, a compound, and always of perfume or medicine, never sweetmeats. So con- fectionary is a perfumer ; only 188" 'he will take your daughters to be confectionaries, and to be cooks, and to be bakers ' (ninji, RVm ' perfumers '). Of. Bp. Mountagu (1641), Acts and Mon. 298, 'the woman was an excellent Confectionary, very cunning in poisons.' See MEDICINE, Perfumes.
J. Hastings.
CONFEDERACY in the common sense of league, alliance, is found Ob ' ' All the men of thy c' (n~ij), 1 Mac 8"- ™- -- ((7vn)iaxla). In Is 8" "» the meai.ing is 'conspiracy,'* which is nearly obsol., thoagh D'Israeli (Charles I. II. ii. 39) has 'in a perpetual state of confederacy and rebellion.' Confederate is both ailj. and subst. As adj. Gn 14" ' these were c. with Abrara ' ; Ps 83° ' they are c. against thee ' (RV 'against thee do they make a covenant'); Is 7= ' Syria is c. with Ephraim ' (RVm after Heb. ' rcsteth on E.') ; 1 Mac 10". As subst. 1 Mac 8" ' Your confederates and friends.' J. HASTINGS.