The street dog is 2 to 3 ft. long, exclusive of his tail, and from 18 inches to 2 ft. high, usually tawny in colour, but often cream-coloured, whit«, or black, with short, stiff fur, small eyes, and usually with little or no bushiness to the tail. These dogs usually occupy defined quar- ters of the towns, and any dog intruding into a quarter not his own is certain to be set upon and very severely bitten. They act as public scavengers (1 K 14" 16* 21'»- ^ 22»8, 2 K 9'»- ^ Jer 15*). They wander from place to place, especi- ally in the neighbourhood of the city walls, and make the night hideous with their barking (Ps 59'-"). They not infrequently attack passers in lonely places, especially in the neighbourhood of Arab encampments. Violent men are compared to them (Ps 22"''*'). They are used to watch houses and tents (Is 56'°). The name dog is a term of reproach (1 S 24'*, 2 S 3« 9» 16», 2 K 8», Is 66', Ph 3', Rev 22"'). ' The price of a dog' (Dt 23") probably refers to the practices of the male Ifideshlm (see Driver ad loc. and Hommel, Anc. Heb. Trad. 114). In a word, the Eastern street dog is a type of all that is cowardly, lazy, filthy, treacherous, and con- temptible. They seem to have been omnipresent in the time of Christ (Mt 15", Mk 7", Lk 16^'), as the former citations prove them to have been in more ancient times.
With the doubtful exception before given (Pr 30"), there is no allusion to hunting dogs in Scripture. As the friend of man, endowed wth noble intelligence, the dog had no place in Heb. life.
G. E. Post.
DOGMA, properly an opinion or judgment ; then, as a decision of one in authority, a decree — of rulers (Lk 2', Ac 17', He 11^), of Moses (Eph 2", Col 2'*), of apostles (Ac 16*). The same word in its verbal form is used of the decisions of the elders (Ac 15^ »■»»). Hatch {Hib. Lect. 1888, pp. 119-120) has very well shown how, from this original meaning of ' personal opinion,' the word came to signify ' decrees ' in the case of rulers, and •doctrines in the case of teachers. By far the most important NT use of the term is in Eph and Col. All the early Gr. commentators under- stand by ' dogmas ' in both passages the doctrines or precepts of the gospel. Lightfoot correctly insists upon renderii g the word, as in all other NT passages, decree, ordinance ; in Eph it is restricted to Mosaic ordinances, but in Col it is applied more generally to all decrees in which moral principles and religious precepts are set forth. The re- striction in the one case, however. Is not in the word, but only in the context. In Eph the j&y/iara as ' authoritative decrees ' are distinguished from irroXal as separate precepts, by both of which terms the Mosaic law is characterized from differ- ent points of view. By styling these precepts ' dogmas ' the apostle empha.->izes the point that they were imposed by external authority. This is in keeping with the ecclesiastical use of the word
to indicate doctrines which are enunciated authori- tatively by the Church. See DOCTRINE.
J. MACrHERSON.
DOK (Aiiit). — A fortress near Jericho, where Simon the Maccabee, along with two of his sons, was murdered by his son-in-law Ptolemy, 1 Mao 16". The name survives in the modern 'Ain Dtik, 4 miles N.W. of Jericho (Robinson, BRP \i. 309; Ritter, Erdkunde, XV. i. 460; SWP iii. 1)3, 191, 209). In Jos. {Ant. XIII. viii. 1 ; Wars, I. ii. 3) it appears as Dagon (cf. G. A. Smith, Hist. Geog. 250).
J. A. Selbie.
DOLEFUL.— Is 13=' ' their houses shall be full of doleful creatures' (Heb. c-nx 'Ohiin); and Mic 2* ' and lament with a doleful lamentation ' ('.i} nnj) •Til), AVra ' lament with a lamentation of lamenta- tions,' RVm ' lament with the lamentation. It ia done,' after Ewald, Cheyne, and others, taking the last word as Niph. of r^-^n, instead of a subst. from nrt) to wail). Ihere is a general agreement that the '6/iim of Is 13^' are jackals, as there is the Assyr. akU used in the bilingual texts for Bab. lik- barra, lit. 'evil-dog.' The older Eng. VSS mostly
give ' great owls,' the Geneva keeping the Heb. him, with a note sujrgesting the possibility that they and the Ziim (AV ' wild beasts ') are ' wicked spirits whereby Satan deluded man, as by the fairies, gobblins, and suche like fantasies,' which probably suggested the ' doleful creatures ' of AV (cf. Wye, Douay, 'dragons'). The Heb. is probably onomatopoetic, from [nnK] to howl ; but ' doleful ' is mournful (fr. Lat. dolere), as in Shaks. Pa*», Pit. xxi. —
• She, poor bird, as all forlorn, Lean'd her breast up till a thorn. And there sang the dolefull'st ditty.'
Shaks. UBes ' dole ' in the same sense, as Hamlet, I. u. 13—
* In equal scale weighing delight and dole.'
J. HASTINOa.
DOLPHIN.— See Badger.
DOMINION, used in the ordinary sense, is the tr. of various words in OT and NT, and only note- worthy as the rendering of Kvpiirris in Eph 1"^, Col 1" (pi.), and, perhaps, 2 P 2'<' and Jude' (sing.). Associated as it is in Col 1" with apxai and i^ovirlai, and in Eph 1" with these and SOva/us (all sing.), — words used elsewhere {e.g. Eph 6", Col 2", Ro 8»», 1 Co 15^) primarily, at any rate, of the angelic powers, good or bad or both, — it stands, without doubt, in Eph (ascensively) and Col (de- scensively) for a grade in the angelic hierarchy ; probably, along \vith Bpiyoi (Col), the highest grade (as Lightfoot concludes from the earliest lists; see his note on Col 1'*), being at the same time second in that grade, while dpx"' Bad i(ov<Tlai belong to the next grade below ; just as kingship, suggested in Spdnt, is naturally superior to lord- ship ((ciiptinjs), (compare the $eol and xipiM of 1 Co 8°), and both are superior to the ordinary rule and authority. GpA^ot, Kv^tmjt, ipx^t ^iovffla, and Sufaius, or their linguistic equivalents, are found among the orders of angels in Jewish or Jewish-Chr. liooks ranging over the NT period or its immediate neighbourhood. Thus in Jubilees, § 15 : ' Over all [the Gentile nations] hath [God] set spirits as lords' (cf. Sir 17"); in Test. XII. Patr. Levi 3, ' In the heaven next to God are thrones (Bplmoi), powers {iiovalai),' angels being, in tlie same passage, assigned to each of the first six out of the seven heavens, in descending order ; in Enoch 6'", 'The host of the heavens and all the holy ones above, and the host of God ... all th« angels of power, and all the angels of principnlities,' etc. Christian Fathers, such as Origen, Ephrein Syrus, Pseudo-Dionysius, accept similar though varying gratlations (see I>ightfoot, Col 1"). Th«