DRAGON'S WELL.— See Jerusalem and Well.
DRAM.— See Money.
DRAUGHT, DRAUGHT HODSE.— The 'dranghf (i.<t>tipuv) of Mt 15", Mk 7'" is a privy, as in Burton, Anat. of Mel. 165 : ' Muck hills, araughts, sinks, where any carcasses or carrion lies.' And the ' d. house ("Hjn.qr) of 2 K 10" is the same (lit. ' place of lulri,' see p. 620 n.); Gov. ' prevy house. In earlier writers this and other words in ugh are generally spelt with /(see Earle, Philology, § 153) ; thus Wyclifs tr. of Ps 40" he ledde out me fro the lake of wretchidnesse, and fro the filtlie of draft.'
J. Hastin(;s. DRAW. — In mod. usage ' draw ' is too mild a word for tlie action expressed by 305 i/Aluibh, in Jer 40*" 50" (RV 'draw out') ; or by aipw in Ac 14" ' having stoned Paul, drew him out of the city ' (RV ' dragged '), 17' ' they drew Jason and certain men nnto tne rulers of tlie city ' (RV ' dragged ') ; Rev 12* ' his tail drew the third part of the stars of heaven, and did cast them to the earth ' (RV 'draweth'): or by ?X/tu in Ac 16" 'they caught Paul and Silaj<, and drew them into the market- place ' (RV ' dragged ') ; 21*' ' they took Paul and drew him out of the temple ' (RV ' dragged '). In older Eng. 'draw 'bad astronger sense than now; the verb to ' drag,' wliich sprang from the same Anglo- Saxon dragan, having in course of time carrie<l ofl' some of its strength. Cf. Spenser, F.Q. II. v. 23 — • Tho g«n that villein wex bo flcrs and Htron(f,
That nothing mli^ht Bustaine his furioiiH for8« ;
Hb caat him downc to (ground, and ali along
Draw him throutrh durt and myre without romoree,
Snd fowly battcrBd hk oomely oorw.'
J. Hastings.
DRAWER OF WATER (c:? 3Ky).— According to Jos 9-'- ^- -■' the humiliating drudgery of bringing water for the service of the sanctuary, coupled with the task of providing wood, was the price paid by the Gibeonites for being allowed to live (cf. Dt 29" and Driver's note there). The business of carrying water to the dili'erent houses in a towTi or village is one of the humblest and most poorly paid in Oriental life. It requires little skill or capital. The water is carried in a goat-skin, slung on the back ; or two skins are loaded, one on each side of a small donkey, usually driven along by an infirm old man. His clothes are splashed and soiled ; the fountain is often some distance away, and on account of the number of women impatiently waiting to fill each one her jar in turn, he has often to bring some of the water at night or very early in the morning. He is engaged continually in what the Samaritan woman found irksome even as an occasional duty (Jn 4").
CAmtlVS AKD WMI-BkIH.
G. M. Mackik.
DREAD, DREADFUL 1. These words have
gained in intensity during their history. Bp. Fisher says: ' I well perceived it in myself, but all too late, 1 dread me ; and it once was possible to say ' without dread ' for ' without doubt,' as in Chaucer (?) Mom. of Rose, B. 2199—
' For cert«vniy, withouten drede, A cherie is deemed by his dede.*
By 1611 the word had gained somewhat of its pres- ent strength, so that ' fear' is used in AV where ' dread ' was used by Wyclif, as Mt 2" ' he hirde that ArchUaus regnede in Judee for Eroude, his fadir, and dredde to go thidir'; 14» 21" ' thei dredden the punle ' ; Lk '2" ' thei dredden with great drede' (AV ' they were sore afraid'). But even in AV dread is used with scarce more intensity than modern ' fear,' as 1 Ch 22" ' dread not, nor l>e dismayed' (ktitVn, RV 'fear not'). 2. But the change is not in intensity only ; there is also a change in quality. We may still say that we fear Ciod, but we must not say that we dread Him, or that He is our dread, as in Is 8" ' let him be your fear, and let him be your dread ' (ki.t^ ojijito ki.t Djjn^iJ), for ' drea<l ' has lost the sense of ' awe ' or ' reverential fear ' it once possessed, and signifies that which shocks or terrifies. Jacob's excla- mation, Gn 28" ' how dreadful is tliis place,' conveys a wrong imi)ression to our ears ; ' awful ' would be a nearer word now. So in Dn 9* 'the great and dreadful God.' Dreadful in A V is simiily that which may be feared, as Wis 10"" d. kings {tpofSeods, RV 'terrible'); 17' 'a fire kindled by it«elf,very d.'(oi>To- fiarri irupA <p6^ov irXr)pj)«, RV ' full of fear '). Cf. Act. Henry Vlll. (1543) 'by lawes drcdful and penall, to take awaye, purg, and dense this his higlmea realme.' J. Hastings.
622
DKEAMS
DREA]\[S