for food, 13»' meat, 19" the feet=wash, 1 K 17" a cake, 18^- ^- '^ a bullock for sacrifice. The other words are ij;' 'AbhadU, to ' work,' Gn 2" the garden of Eden (in 2= tr. ' till '), Dt 28=* vineyards ; cf. Lk 13' aixiriXovfribt, AV ' dresser of his vineyard,' R V ' vinedresser ' ; 7eiip7ioi' ivKov, Sir 27', AV ' if the tree h.ive been dressed,' RV ' the husbandry,' as in 1 Co 3« ; yeupyiui He 6', AV ' dress,' RV ' tUl' ; 3'P'n /u-lilih, ' prepare ' (lit. ' do good to '), Ex 30' lamps. Cf. Tindale, tl'urks, p. 453: 'Thelampemust be dressed and snulfed dayly.' RV gives ' dresser ' for A V ' gatherer ' Am 7''' (o^u, see Driver's note).
J. Hastings. DRESS. — The study of Oriental dress serves to explain particular allusions to clothing in the Bible ; it imparts a fresh interest to the narrative by presenting to the eye a picture of those written aoout J and through a knowledge of the various articles of costume and of Oriental usage and sentiment connected with them, it enables us t« follow the sacred writers into the figurative mean- ings they sought to convey when common facta about the outward garments were applied to the clothing of the inner man. Special attention is rendered necessary by the fact that while the
feneral character of Oriental dress is recognized y all, it is often difficult to pronounce upon particular articles as to origin, material, and usage. In this respect the subject resembles that of I'al. architecture, inasmuch as an ancient wall may have stones of Phienician, Jewish, Greek, Roman, Saracenic, and Crusading styles, and yet the ex- perienced archaeologist may have much ditficulty in naming the builder and assigning the date of actual construction. So with regard to dress, amid certain features that were characteristic of Israel, the separated people copied largely from the customs of Canaan, Egypt, Babylon, Greece, and Rome. The chief points of inquiry are those that deal with 1. Materials of Dress ; 2. Articles of Dress ; 3. Oriental Custom and thought about Dress.
1. Materials OF Drkss. —These were(l) wool and hair; (2) linen and cotton; (3) silk. 1. Wool (ijy), Hair (ij;?). One of the earliest forms of clothing in the East would be that of a sheejiskin worn as a vest or jacket, or in the larger form of a cloak made of several sewn together, with the wool left on. These are still in use with the wool either inside or outside. The next stage was the removal of the wool and the art of weaving (which see). Sheep-shearing is mentioned in Gn 31'" .38", 1 S io^"-, 2 S 13'^''- etc. The hair of the goat has also been used from time immemorial, especially for material that had to bear much exposure and strain. The shepherds' tents are made of it, also bags for holding grain and flour. Hence it is called sackcloth (pe). The hair of the camel was also manufactured into cloth, rougher than that made from wool, but softer than sackcloth. At present it is largely employed for cloaks and rugs, and naturally for camel harness. The term ny^H (1 K 19'»'», 2 K 2", Jos 7'-' ", Jon 3«) may either indicate that the cloak was originally taken from a skin, or may be simply descriptive of its size. The com bination i^e" nn^x occurs Gn 25", Zee 13*.
2. Cotton, Linen, dj^ (Arab, shas/i), a'R^fs; "i;, pa (Arab, hazz), piacot ; njnj (Arab, kitun), dffiviop, X/«os. The warmth of the Oriental climate and the a<lvance of civilization bringing more of indoor- life and social gradation, tended to create a wide- sjiread demand for this manufacture. Egypt and Syria sent their merchandise of linen and broidered goods to Tyre, E/.k 27'- ". The Indian source of sujiiily is preserved in the Arab, name S/teshHindi (Imlian cambric). The word karpus (of Persian origin) should also be translated 'cotton' in Est 1". See Cotton. Cotton and linen were not carefully distinguished. At the present day the Indian
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DKESS
cotton cloth with stamped brijjlit patterns, used for hangings and dados, is very like the linen of the Egyptian mummy-cloths. For the Israelites it was enough to know that those stuli's were both of vegetable fibre, and not of wool. The mixture of wool and linen was called ubiv (Dt 22", Lv 19" only), a word of uncertain (perhaps Egyi'tian) origin (see Driver, ad loc). Garments made of it were forbidden to the Israelites.
3. SUk. T?* Ezk 16'<'•'^ aiipi.Kbi', Rev 18" (from 2^pf s, the name of an Indian people from whom, ace. to Strabo [516, 701], the ancients got the first silk). A common name for silk in Arabic is harir, a word whose derivation la most uncertain (see Friinkel, Aram. Frenulioorter, 39. In Pr 31-^ AV incorrectly gives 'silk' as tr° of ^7 (RV correctly ' fine linen').
II. Articles of Dress. — 1. Shirt, Sheet, Linen Garment (inj sadin, aiySuy, Jg 14'»- '», Pr SI'', Is S^*, 1 Mac IC, Mk 14"). This was worn next to the body, and was nearest in purpose to the first cover- ings mentioned in Gn 3'- ". When it appears as the only garment, it is a cotton or linen wrapper of various sizes. Once representing all, it continued to give something of its character to all the other articles of Oriental dress. It would be the waist- cloth of the Israelites in the brick-fields of Egypt as shown in the monuments,a towel, whiteor coloured, wrapped tightly round the loins or reaching do\vii towards the knees. Of similar material and shape, though somewhat larger, it was worn in Palestine by boatmen, fishermen, wood-sawyers, and drawers of water. It was also found as a simple large sheet thro>vn round the body (Mk 14"), with an end flung over the shoulaer, with or without a girdle.