maPi. A. K. S. Kennedy.
FROCK. — ' A linen frock ' is named in Sir 40^ as the dress of the poor in contrast to the ' purple ' of the rich [u/idXivoii, lit. 'raw linen'; KV 'a hempen frock'; the word occurs only here in bilil. Greek). The 'frock' was once the cover- all of the English labourer, and still remains as 'smock-frock.' See Dress.
FROG {VT'S'f z^phardm', ^irpaxm, ranrt). — An ainjiliibious animal, noted in two connexions in tlie Bible. 1. As one of the plagues of Egypt (Ex S^"'*, Ps 78^' etc.). 2. As a form assumed oy unclean spirits (Kev IB""). It is also mentioned in Wis lii'". The frog referred to in the story of the plagues is the Eannla escvlenta, L., the edible frof!. It is found in all stagnant waters in the Holy Land. The Arab, name for the frog, dufdd, bears a strong resemblance to the Hebrew.
G. E. Post.
FROM.— Following the Gen. Bible, ' from ' is used in 1 Es 3^ as equivalent to ' away from ' : ' But when they are from the wine, they remember not what they have done.' This is the only occurrence of a meaning that is common in Siiaks. Thus Macbeth, III. i. 132—
' For 't must be done to-night. And something from the palace ' ;
and Jul. Ccus. I. iii. 35 —
* But men may construe things after their fashion, Clean from the purpose of the things tliemselves.'
FRONTLETS.— See Phylacteries.
FROWARD Froward is the Northern form of
' fromward,' as we have ' to and fro' for 'to and from.' Cf. Sidney, Arcadia, ii., 'As cheerfully going towards, as Pyrocles went frowardly from- ward his death.' Froward is thus the opposite of ' toward,' and is used by Spenser (FQ VI. x. 24) in the literal sense of turned from —
' And eeke them selves so in their daunce they bore, That two of them still froward seem'd to bee. But one still towards shew'd her selfe afore.'
In AV ' froward ' is always figurative, turned from in sympatliy, oj^posed, hostile, as in Ps 18-" ' witli the froward thou wUt show thyself froward ' (Si35riB iJpyDV, RV 'with the perverse thou wilt show thyself froward'). Then, by an easy transi- tion, that which goes the wrong way to accomplish its ends, twisted, tortuous, not straightforward. Thus Di 32= Tind., ' Thefrowarde and overthwarte generation hath marred them selues to himward ' (PEJ,'), EV ' perverse,' which does not adequately express the sense, says Driver. Tindale's ' froward ' is better than ' perverse,' for its meaning is just what Driver gives as the meaning of the Heb. here, ' the opposite of what is sincere, straight- forward, and frank,' denoting 'a character wliich puisues devious and questionable courses for the
purpose of compassing its ends.' Thus Latimei ISmmjtut before Eilw. VI., Arber's ed. p. 115), ' Tlie herte of man is naughti, a croked, and a froward pece of worke.' Still, 'froward' was frequently used in the sense of obstinate, aa T. Lever, Sermons (1550, Arber's ed. p. 103), 'The father draweth not by force violentlye them that he stubbome and frowarde, but by loue them that be L'cntyll, and come wyllyngly.' And the union of uie crooked with the obstinate gives perversity. RV prefers 'perverse' in 2 S 22-' = Ps IS-" (as above), Pr 2" (not Amer. RV) .3^- U-" : and Amcr. KV further in Dt 32-'», Pr 2'- G'= 8" 10" H)-" ■'» 22'. RV gives 'crooked' in Pr 8" 21", and Amer. RV 'wayward' in Pr 2'" i"-* 17-°, and 'cunning' in Job 5". But 'froward' is introduced into 2.'^ 22-'' (AV 'unsavoury'), Pr 23^^ (AV 'perverse'). It will be observed that the ideas represented by this word refer to conduct, especially m imlilic lifc^ ; it is therefore of most frequent occuiiviice in I'r, where 'froward' is found 14 times, elsewhere only 7 times.
Wyclif rarely uses the word ; not in any of the places where it occurs in AV, his words being 'shrewd,' 'perverted,' or ' wayward.' But it is found in Dt 211s (l^S-). ' If a man gcte a rebel sone, and a fraward (13S8 ' overthewerf ), that hcritli not the fadres and modres hecst ' ; and as a various reading in 2 Ti 3-*. The introduction of the word so freely into Pr was in.ade by Rogers and Coverdale. Its single occurrence in NT is from Tindale, 1 P 218 ' Servauntes obey youre masters with all feare, not only yf they be good and courteous ; but also though they be frowarde ' (1526 and 1534). The Gr. is e-xckio;. whicli means tortuous as of a river, and then ethically nut straifjhtfnrward. Here, says Salmond, it means not exactly 'capricious' (as Luther), or 'wayward' (as Rhem.), or even ' froward' (as Tind. Cov. Rog. Cran. Gen. Bish. AV, RV), but ' harsh ' or ' perverse," the disposition that lacks the reasonable and considerate, and makes a tortuous use of the lawful.
The adv. frowardly occurs only Is 57" ' and he went on frowardly in the way of his heart' {ribit 3311;', lit. 'he walked turning awa^, as AVm and RVm ; Amer. RV ' backslidinfj '). For the Eng. word cf. Knox, jffist. 137, 'Tlien began she to frowne, and to lonk frowardlj' to all such as she knew did favour the Gospel of Jesus Clirist.'