It is uncertain to what extent the Hebrews were familiar with the use of animal dung as fuel. This form of fuel, as is well known, is very exten- sively used in the East, both by the nomads and the fellahin. Tlie dung of the camel is the favourite fuel of tlie Bedawin, while the Syrian peasant carefully collects the droppings of his cattle, which he uses either in the natural state when sufficiently dry, or mixed with straw. From the incident recorded in Ezk 4'''" we may at least infer that this form of fuel was not unknown (see esp. v."), although, as the country was more extensively wooded then than now, there would not be the same necessity as now exists for having recourse to it. A. R. S. Kennedy.
FUGITIVE.— 1. Simply one who flees, as from danger or punishment (the modem, as it is also the earliest, meaning of the word, after Lat. fugitivua). So Is 15* ' His fugitives shall flee unto Zoar' (RV ' Her nobles flee unto Zoar,' with 'fugi- tives' in mar". The reading is doubtful and difficult, see the Comm.); Ezk IT'" 'And all his fugitives Anth all his bands shall fall by the sword ' (so RV and 0.rf. Heb. Lex., but reading again doubtful). 2. A deserter from duty. This sense belongs to fugitivus also. So Jg 12^ ' Ye Gileadites are fugitives of Ephraim ' ; Cov. • runnagatus.' Tliat this is the meaning of EV is certain, but Moore holds that it is a misinterpretation, the Heb. word (d'd-^s) meaning not ' runagate,' but ' survivor ' (see his note) ; 2 K 25" ' the fugitives that fell away to the kin"; of Babylon' (irx 0''7p;n Sy I'jrj, RV 'those that fell away, that feirto the king') ; Jth 16" ' as fugitives' children' (us iraiSas SLiToiioXoivTwv, RV 'as runagates' children'); 2 Mac 8** (the only example of the adj. in AV) ' He came like a fugitive ser^'ant through the mid- land unto Antioch ' (bpavirov rplnrov, RV ' like a fugitive slave'). So Shaks. Ant. and C'leop. IV. ix. 22—
• But let the world rank me in register A master-leaver, and a fugitive.'
3. A Wanderer, as Foxe, Act. and Mon., iii. 747, ' If thou wert an honest Woman, thou wouldest not . . . run about the Country like a Fugitive.' This is the meaning of Gn 4''^- " ' a fugitive and a vagabond ' (ij; VJ, ptcp. of yj to wander ; LXX arivwn Koi rpifiuv [preserving the paronomasia], Vulg. vagus et profugiis ; Luther, ' unstiit und Huchtig'; Wye. [1382] 'vagaunt and fer fugitif,' [1338] 'unstalile of dwellyng and fleynge aboute' ; O.iv. ' a vagabunde and a rennagate ' ; Bish. ' a fugitive and a vagabond '). Shaks. presents a close parallel in / Henry VI. III. iii. 67—
• When Talbot hath set footing once in France, And fashion'd tliee that instrument of ill, Who then but English Henry will be lord. And thou be thrust out like a fugitive? '
J. Hastings. FULLER. — The fuller's art is mentioned in both OT and NT only in connexion with himself. In the former the fuller's field (2 K 18", Is 7^ 36'') is the only word used, and indicated an open field on the west of Jerus. where cloths were fulled and spread out in the sun to dry. The process of
fulling in those times is unknown to us except iniiirectly, partlj' from the etymology of the word (□21^, 7ca0fi'!), and partly from an Eg^-p. picture It seems to have consisted in washing tliu material with some preparation of lye, beating or rubbing it, and exposing it to the rays of the sun. Thii ensured a considerable amount of cleaning and bleaching ; and the remains of ancient Egyp. linen show that the result of the art, rude as it may have been, was highly satisfactory. In NT the only reference to it (Mk 9") is where the garments of Jesus at His transfiguration are said to have become 'glistering, exceeding white; so as no fuller on earth can whiten them' (RV) ; and this description shows that the reader was familiar with the fuller's art and its beautifying effects. The dress of Egyp. and Jewish jiriests was made of white linen, and among their higher classes of very line material, whose lustre was enhanced by art. Fulling is still carried on in the E. , probably very much as it was practised in ancient times, and is often employed before dyeing cloth and yam, to remove impurities and improve the process of colouring ; but it is rapidly being superseded by the modern mode of bleaching.
J. WORTABET.
FULLER'S FIELD, THE (0312 nnj^, 6 07065 yi'a<!>iut, agerfullonis), was the scene of llabshakeh's inter- view with Eliakim and others (2 K 18", Is 36'-), and of that between Ahaz, Isaiah, and his son (Is 7'). In each case it is named in connexion with the phrase 'conduit of the Upper Pool,' which is ' in ' or ' on ' ' the highway of the Fuller's Field.' The conduit apparently crossed the high- way at a point close to the city, as conversation carried on there could be heard by the people on the walls (2 K IS"*). The place cannot now be identified with certainty. En-rogel we know was a resort of the fullers ; whence probably its nairie was derived. The same is true of Birket Mamilla, in the vale west of the city. The former, lying in the bottom of the valley S.E., would have been difficult of approach, and hearing from the walla impossible. Tlie higher aqueduct from Solomon's Pools crosses the valley a little above Birket Mamilla, and seems to have entered the city close by the tower Psaphinus, at the N.W. angle. This, however, could hardly be called ' the con- duit of the Upper Pool.' From Birket Mamilla a conduit takes water to the Pool of Hezekiah, passing under the wall northward of the Jatt'a gate. Birket Mamilla being the 'upper' of the two pools in the valley, there is at least a possibility that the Fuller's F'ield was located here. On the N., however, an ancient conduit entered the city E. of the Damascus gate. Its course without the wall has not been traced. It may have come from the large pool some distance out, to the left of the Nfiblfis road. On this side the city was easiest of approach ; the land here would perhaps best suit the description implied in r\-p 'arable land'; Josephus (BJ V. iv. 2) speaks of ' The Fuller's Monument,' at the E. comer of the N. wall ; and Arculf mentions a gate west of the Damascus gate, which at the time of his visit (towards the end of the 7th cent.) was called Porta Villa Fullonis, ' Gate of the Fuller's Farm ' (cf. Euseb. HE ii. 23). These considerations point to the location of the Fuller's Field on the N. of the city. But there is no evidence to warrant any certain conclusion.