But Attains I., king of Pergamos n.c. 241-197, checked their power in a series of campaigns about B.C. 232, and confined them to a certain fixed country (previously part of Phrygia and of Cappa- docia or even of Paphlagonia), which was called henceforth Galatia. They had, however, probably occupied parts of that country long belort,t find- ing it more open to actual settlement than the dis- tricts where many strong cities existed ; and the result of Attains' operations was to circumscribe their territory, and to tix definite limits.
In the sketch which Strabo (p. 507) gives of the Galatian constitution, he records the interesting fact that each tribe was divided into four cantons or tetrarchies, an old Gaulish custom mentioned among the Helvetii by Julius Csesar.J Originally each tetrarchy had a chief or tetrarch ; § and there was a con>mon council of 300 meeting in a grove called Drynemeton (Perrot thinks that it was situated near Assarli-Kaya, about 7 hours S.W. from Ancyra),|| and iudgin" all cases of murder. This old system had wholly disappeared before tlie time of Strabo ; the monarchy of Deiotarus and of Amyiatas (44-25 n.c.) had destroyed the last traces of the original Gallic constitution, and the Roman provincial organization was hostile to it. Even in early time, when war broke out, a single chief seems to have been chosen in each tribe (Livy, xxxviii. 19).
The defeat of the Gauls by a Roman army in B.C. 189 (Livy, xxxviii. 18 if., who uses Polybius as his authority) broke their strength. They were placed between three powers, Pontus, Cappa- docia, and Pergamos, and were pressed on by all. They were worsted by Ariarathes, king of Cappa- docia, about 164 ; and they seem to have fallen under the influence of the Pontic kings in the latter part of the 2nd century, for Phrj-gia was
* Brennus is perhaps a title, not a personal name.
t Perhaps by permission of the Pontic kings (Meyer).
j Bflt. Gall. i. 12 : see Momrasen in Uerines, 1S84, p. 316.
§ Hence the title tetrarch was wrongly given to the three chiefs nominated by Pompey in B.C. 64i
I Dry; inw neive prefix (Holder), not (with Perrot) ' oak.'
given by Rome to Mithridates IV. in 129, and he could not well rule over Phrj-gia if divided from it by the great independent countiy of Galatia (Van (iclder, p. 277).* The Mithriilatic wars sot free the (Jauls from this yoke ; and tlieir eagerness to aid the Roman arms against Pontus exposed them to a massacre ordered by Mithridates in 86. In 64, after the war was ended, l'oni|iey appointed or recognized three tetrarchs,t Castor probably among the Tektosages, Brogitarus of the Trokmi, and Deiotarus of the Tolistobogii : Deiotarus also re- ceived Armenia Minor with part of Pontus, and, being much the most powerful, gradually made himself master of the Tektosages and Troknii, and, finally, as the climax of a career of successful treachery and murder, he was recognized as king of (;!alatia by the Romans. He died at an ad- vanced age in 40 li.C. His kingdom was given by Antony to the younger Castor, along with innei Paphlagonia, which Pompey in 64 had assigned to Attains (Dion, xlviii. 33). Castor soon died ; and in 36 Antony gave Galatia to AmjTitas, and Paph- lagonia to Deiotarus Philadelphus, son of Castor (probably the elder), who reigned till B.C. 5, when his kingdom was incorporated in the province Galatia (see II.).t
According to our authorities, the Gauls entered Asia as an army, not sep.arately in distinct tribes ; but afterwards they appear as divided into three tribes, who arrogated to themselves three distinct districts, the Troknii claiming the Hellespoutine coast, the Tolistobogii Aeolis and Ionia, i.e. the yEgean coastlands, and the Tektosages the lands of the interior (Li>'y, xxxviii. 16, where note the word postremo). This tribal classification persisted throughout later history, proving that either the original army was formed mainly from these three tribes, or that three successive swarme, each mainly recruited from one tribe, entered Asia Minor. It seems, however, to be certain that con- tingents from a number of different tribes swelled the armies that invaded Greece, Thrace, and Asia : similarly, in Gaul certain great tribes, e.g. the Aedui, had smaller tribes as dependants or clients (Ctesar, Bell. Gall. vii. 7."), iv. 6). From the ancient arrangement it would appear that the Tektosages were the first to seize Galatia, and that when the bounds were drawn by Attains I. the Tektosages were forced into the centre and north of Galatia, with Ancyra as capital, the Trokmi were concentrated round Tavium on the east, and the Tolistobogii round Pessinus on the west. In this position we find the tribes in all later time.
The boundaries of the countrj' called Galatia varied greatly at different periods. Thus the chief centre of a people Troknades, at the modern village Kaimaz (between Eski-Sheher and Sivri- Hissar, on the ancient road from Dorylaion to Pessinus), was part of the Roman province Asia (CIL iii. No. 6997) ; and yet the name Troknades is undoubtedly (jallic, so that the place must have been at an earlier time included in the terri- tory of the Galatse. That is perhaps the most westerly point to which the territory owned by the settled Gauls ever extended ; and both it and even Orkistos, which lies farther east, were prob- ably taken from the Galatian state by Attains l.,§