• Phrygia Magna was jjiven to Mithridates li. (Justin, 38. 6J about B.C. 240; but it then included the country which soon after became Galatia. Moreover, the gift waa perhaps a mer« Pontic claim, never realized in fact.
t .See note § above.
: See Niese, Hhein. Museum, 1883, p. 68411.; T. Reinach Revu^ Nuviism. 1891, p. 383 ff. ; Ramsav, Iieini£ d£s Et. Gr, 1894, p. a.'il.
§ It was perhaps at this time that Orkistos was placed under the control of Nakoleia {CIL iii. No. 7000) ; the Pergameniao system was favourable to the growth o( powerful cities exertinf authority over a large territory.
GALATIA
GALATIA
83
and passed along with the rest of the Pergamenian king-dom into tlie liands of the Romans (see Asia). In late Koman time, probably when the province G. Secunda was created about 390, the name was extended so far to the west as to include the old Phrj-gian city Aniorium, which was after this called a metropolis of Galatia (so Hierocles and most Not it lie Epi-'n:.)."
On the north the diWding line between Galatia to the south and Bithynia and I'aphlagonia to the north is indeterminable. Close to the north- western corner lay the city Juliopolis, which was in the l.st and 2ud centuries a Bithynian city t (Pliny, EpUt. ad Tinj. 77 ; Ptolemy, v. 1), but about A.D. 297 was made a city of Galatia. Near the north-eastern corner lay Gangra (Tchangri) and Andrapa (probably Iskelib), which were Paph- lagonian cities, and Eukhaita (probably Tchorum), a Pontic city, famous for the worship of St. Theodoras Stratiotes.
On the east and south-east the dividing line between Galatia on the one hand, and Pontus and Cappadocia on the other hand, was also a varying one, running east of Tavium (Nefez-Keui), capital of the Galatian tribe Trokmi, and west of the Pontic citj' Sebastopolis-Heracleopolis (Sulu-Serai). It is mentioned by Polybius that a certain territory, long disputed between the Gauls and the Cappa- docian kings, passed definitely into the possession of Ariarathes about B.C. 164. Basilika Tberma (Terzili-Hammam) was well within Cappadocian territory in Liter time, and the disputed territory perhaps e.xtended from it to the Halj's or even as far as Lake Tatta. In the 4th century after Christ, the frontier between Galatia and Cappa- docia lay between the Galatian Galea (a village subject to Aspona) and the Cappadocian Andrapa Jsubject to Parna.*sos).
The southern limit was, doubtless, always quite vague, running across the level, treeless, sparsely populated plain of the A.xylon, south of Amorium, north of Laodiceia-Katakekaumene, and touching or intersecting the large, shallow salt lake Tatta. The limit between Lycaonia on the south and Galatia on the north was probably never fi.\ed very narrowly in this valueless plain ; and, moreover, we know that certain large districts were sometimes held by the Gauls, and sometimes separated from their country. A considerable tract of country lying along the west side of Lake Tatta, and stretching west towards Amorium and Laodiceia, is assigned by Ptolemy to Galatia under the name Proseilem- mene, i.e. irpoaeiXrfiiixivr) (xwpa), the 'Added Terri- tory.' The date when this territory was added to G. is uncertain. The opinion has been e.\pres.sed doubtfully that it was separated from Lycaonia bj- Antoninus I'ius (or possibly Hadrian) when tlie triple eparchy, Cilicia-Lycaonia-Isauria, was con- stituted a Koman province (Kamsay, Hislor. Geogr. of As. Min. pp. 251, 377) ; but that event seems not sufficiently important to hi "e given a new name to the country, and the analogy of the similar name Epiktctos, i.e. i-nlKTtrTo% 'i'piryla, the 'Acquired Phrygia,' suggests that the transference of territory took place as a permanent and real change of rule at a much earlier period. Now, according to Pliny {Nut. IIi.it. v. 9.5), the part of Lycaonia that adjoined Galatia was given to it as a tetrarcli}'. This Lycaonian tetrarchy was certainly close to Ptolemy's Proseilemmene, and probably another name for it. Pliny says that the tetrarchy contained 14 cities, with Ironium as capital, and distinguishes it from Lycaonia Proper
• MarquarsU, R&m. Staatmlt. 1. p. 359, errs In counting Amorium, Aiz.inoi, and OrkUtos as cities of Galatia in the Roman peritKi.
t WroTi^l.v mentioned as perhaps the seat of one of the Churches of Oatatia b,v many scholars
{insi Lifnaonia), which extended along the front of Mt. I'aurus. Ptolemy, indeed, does not make Proseilemmene extend so far west as Iconinuj ; but he is incorrect about the extent of all the divisions of this whole region. Lycaonia as a whole had been added to the Pergamenian kingdon; by Ifome in B.C. 190; but the kings were not strong enough to hold this distant territory, and part of it was probably taken by the Gauls about 160 ; and this 'j)art afterwards passed nader the power of the Pontic kings along with Galatia. Hence Eumachus, Mithridates' general, who con- quered Pisidia, Isauria, and parts of Cilicia, evidently used Lycaonia as his basis of operation^. Another possibility is that the part of Lycaonia held by Aiuyntas (see II.) was styled by him the Tetrarchy ; but that is, for several reasons, less probable. Amyntas' part of Lycaonia, however, must have been nearly the same in extent as the Tetrarchy. In any case, the name Tetrarchy must have originated before the Roman provincial organization was instituted ; and thus Iconium had an old connexion with Galatia (Stadia Bihlicn, iv. p. 46 tr.).