there is nothin" in the Epistle itself or elsewhere tc help us to an identification. S. D. F. SalmoND
GALAL (S^3).— The name of two Levites, 1 Ch 9"- '«, Neh 11". See GENEALOGY.
GALATIA (VaXaHa) is understood by different scholars as the name of two distinct countries ; and, as the important associated questions are still under discussion, it is necessary to treat the term under two headings, and describe tlie histoiy and geography of the two difl'erent countries whicli the term is said to denote. The fundamental question is this : Are the Churches of G., to which St. Paul addressed an Epistle, certain congregations in the northern part of the great inner plateau of Asia Minor variously enumerated by ditterent advocates of ' the North-Galatian Theory,' or are they the congregations of Pkidian Antioch, Iconium, I)eri>fc. and Lystra, in the southern part of the plateau, according to ' the South-Galatian Theory ' ? Each of the related terms Galatinns and Regioti of Galatia in like manner demands double treatment. St. Paul mentions the Churches of G. in t!al 1-, 1 Co 16' : and they are addressed with otliers in 1 P 1\ Finally, there is a doubt whether in 2 Ti 4'" Galatia or Gallia should be read, and, if Galatia is read, whether it does not denote Gaul (the modern France).
While the opinions fall into two classes on the crucial question, there are varieties in each cl.ass. Tlie South-Galatian theory is held both by those who can see no good reason to think that St. Paul ever was in North Galatia, and by those who consider that he travelled in North Galatia but made no important foundation there. The latter view is held by Zahn (Einleitung in das iS'cue Testament). The North-Galatian theory in its common form maintains that the Epistle was addressed to the Churches of Ancyra, Taviuni, Pessinus, and possibly other cities ; but the most vigorous argument tliat St. Paul never was in Ancyra or Tavium is urged by Zocklcr (.s'A', 1895, p. 79f. ),* who, approximating to Zahn's view, holds tliat St. Paul travelled little in Galatia, only in the extreme western and south-western parts, ib. p. 5911'., but maintains, unlike Zahn, that he founded several Churches in that obscure district and addressed his Epistle to them. Salmon [Introduction to NT, and arts, in Smitli, DB) seems to come very close to Zockler's view,t though he translates the critical passage in Ac 16' in quite a dill'erent way (Galatia, Region of). But these minor dillereuces are comparatively un- important, rehiting to points of translation and antiquarian research ; t it is only the crucial question that is of fundamental consequence : To what group of Churches did St. Paul write his Epistle?
I. Galatia Proper, as used in the popular and ordinary Greek way (Roman GaUogrania), was the name applied to a large tract of country in the interior of Asia Minor, after it was taken pos. session of in the 3rd cent li.C. by certain warrior tribes who had migrated from Gaul towirds the east. Irruptions of Gallic tribes into tlie eastern parts of Europe are first recorded in B.C. 281, when a small army under Cambaules attacked Thrace. In the following year (280) three large Gallic armies
• So I'inillav in Eipmitory Timrt, vii. (ISIH!) p. 236. Zockler takea Chuse for the orijrinator o( this view ; but the latter infonns inc that tliijt is a luisunderat&nding of his words, and tliat 111' docs not hold the view.
t 'St. Luke's narnitivo does not warrant us to conclude with any certainty that St. Paul made aTiy prolonged stay in Galatia Proper, or did much work in founding Churdies there (Smith, Dm 1. 1105). ,
1 Sometimes agreement In construction sna translation results in total di«4,'reement as to Interpretatico (Galatia, UcijioN of).
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GALATIA
GALATIA
advanced — one under Cerethrius against Thrace, a second under Brennus * and Aciclioriua against I'aconia, tiie third under Helgius against Mace- donia and Illyria. The young king of Macedonia, Ptolemy Ceraunus, was defeated and slain when he rashly gave battle with a small army. In 279 Hrennus and other chiefs marched south into Greece ; but a t(uarrel arose on the way, and two chiefs, Leonnonus and Lutarius, led away 20,000 Gauls into Thrace. Brennus' attempt was un- successful, and his army seems to liavo scattered in its letreat ; and part of it probably joined the Gauls who had invaded Thrace, ftlany of the invaders of Thrace went on into Asia, Lutarius crossing the Hellespont in some Macedonian ships which he seized ; Leonnorius crossing the Bosphorus at the invitation of Nikomedes, king of Bithynia, who wanted aid in his wars : the date of these events, so calamitous for Asia, was 278-277.
No certainty is attainable as to the exact events and dates that followed. The Gauls ranged through most of western and central Asia Minor, a terror to all the inhabitants, plundering, slaying, burning. Antiochus I., king of Syria A.D. 281-261, was the first to offer any serious resistance ; from his \-ictories he is said to have gained his title Soter (saviour) ; but his success was far from com- plete. During the uncertain wars of the following years, the Gauls were often hired as mercenaries \iy the contending kings and generals, usually by the weaker ajiainst the stronger. ' Alternately the scourge and the allies of each Asiatic prince in succession, as passion or interest dictated, they for a time indulged their predatory instincts uncheckeil ' (Lightfoot).