In other passages there are allusions to the onlookers (1 Co 4*), to the umpire or judge (Col 3"> /Spa/Sei'^Tw ; cf. Kara^pa^eviToi of Col 2'° and notes of Lightfoot and Abbott ; 2 Ti 4' o Siraios Kpir?;!), to the joy of victory (Ac 20^). To the gladiatorial spec- tacles of the ampl itheatre, St. Paul makes what
we may take to be a figurative reference (1 Co IS" idTjpiop.dx'^iya. iv']'j(pi<!if). At Ephesus St. I'aulc:U.« in contact with the directors of the games held ir. the city of Diana. The Asiarchs (Ac 19^' tivH xal Tiii' 'KdiapxC'v civTe^ aijrip <pl\oi) mentioned as friendly to the apostle have Ion" been one of the puzzles of commentators, but it is now certain (see Hicks in his Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the ISM, iii. 2, p. 81 ; and Ramsay, The Church in the Moinan Empire, ch. vii., and art. AsiAHCll) that those officials were the high priests of the worship ollercd to the Roman emperors within the province of Asia. The cities of the province joined together in an association for the worship of the emperors, and the head of the association was styled high priest and Asiarch. In this capacity he had to furnish every year funds for the celebration of the pro- vincial games in honour of the reigning Ca;sar, and it appears that as the cult of the C;esars and the worship of Diana were in close alliance, the games in lionour of both would coincide, and be held in the month Artemision — the month of May, sacred to Diana.
Literature. — Low, Die Lebensatter in der JiidUchcn Litera- tur, 1876 ; Howson, Metaphors of Ht, Paul, ch. iv. ; Percy Gardner, Sew Chapters in Ureek History, ch. ix. ; Kitto, Smitll Herzog, art. ' Games.- THOMAS NiCOL.
GAMMADIM (onj:).— A term of very doubtful meaning, occurring in Ezk 27" ' The Gammadim (AV -ims) were in thy towers.' No place of the name of Gamniad is known, but a proper name ia what the context seems to demand. Probably, Cornill's conjecture c'l^s (Zcmarites, Gn 10'") is as good as any. Lagarde {Onum. Sacr. ii. 95) proposes D'-03 (they of Gomer, Cappadocians [?]). RV'm 'valorous men,' although supported by Gesenius [Thes. 292), has not commended itself to the majority of scholars. LXX has ^uXa/ces ; Symm. appears to have read D'id dj], 'and also Medes.'
GAMUL (SiDj 'weaned'). — A chief of the Levites, and head of the 24th course of priests, 1 Ch 24". See Genealogy.
GARDEN (|3, properly ' enclosure ' ; n}3, const, nja in Ca 6", Est 1' 7'- " ; k^ttos). — These terms appear to have been practically equivalent to the Armenian panics (Di-is Neb 2", Ca 4'', Ec 2' [all]), which in Asia Minor to-day is applied equally to flower and vegetable gardens, orchards, parks, and pleasure grounds. The garden planted eastward in Eden (Gn 2') combined the features of all ; and these were present in the Jewish idea of paradise, jropdSfKTos (Lk 23'''), which in rabbinical language was nn?. They figure again in Mohammed's descriptions of ei-t/anne/t, ' the garden,' the Moslem paradise, wherein flowing fountains, full rivers, shady trees, and abundant fruits are constantly named as attractions to ' the faithful.'
Gardens are usually enclosed by hedges, dry- stone dykes with a layer of thorns built in near the top, or by walls of compressed mud, dried in the sun. as are the celebrated gardens that encircle Damascus. The cactus, or prickly pear, is a com- mon hedge in the wanner districts. Its multi- tudinous sharp spines oti'er a splendid defence against intruders ; but it is apt soon to become a harbour for venomous things. If one lircak through such a fence, he need not be surprised if a serpent bite him (Ec 10*). A mud-built liut, or booth of wattled twigs, is erected for the watch- man within the enclosure. The niitur, or ' watch- niiin,' is the modem representative of the "iji (Job 27'*). He is not the gardener, but one who guards the fruits and vegetables from pillage. The gardener is named only once directly in Scripture, KijTovpds (Jn 20"). But gardening as a means oi
GARDEN
GARDEN
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liveliliood has always been a popular calling in the East.
Patches of land thus enclosed were cultivated by most families in ancient times. Now, in Pales- tine, they are found only in the environs of larger towns. In some parts of Asia Minor every house has its own garden.
Kings and men of wealth had extensive and beautiful gardens adjoining or near to their resi- dences. 'The king's gardens' at Jerusalem (2 K 25\ Neh 3") lay in tlie fat valley S.E., close by the Pool of Siloara. Recent excavation shows that the western wall of the pool may liave been the parapet of ' tlie stairs that go down from the city of David,' Neh 3" {PEFSt, Jan. 1897, p. 13 ; Oct. 1897, p. 264). The gate Gennath (Jos. BJ V. iv. 2) possibly took its name from the fact that it led to the gardens outside the city. It seems to have stood some distance E. of the Jail'a gate, where Uzziah once erected a tower of defence (2 Ch 26'). With the exception of the rose gardens, ■which had existed from tlie days of the prophets (Is 35'), no gardens were found in later Jerusalem, on account of the evil odour arising from decaying weeds and the manure employed. They crept up, however, close to the walls. Titus, incautiously venturing near to view the city, was surprised by the Jews, and escaped with difficulty, being en- tangled among the garden trenches and hedges which ran out from the walls (Jos. BJ v. ii. 2). f^ohelefh speaks of planting great gardens and making pools for watering them (Ec 2''). Tradi- tion locates these in IVadt/ Artds, S. of Bethlehem. Three gigantic reservoirs, lying in the head of the vale, are supplied by a series of springs. From these the gardens below were watered ; a supply also being carried to Jerusalem in conduits. These seem to be indicated by Josephus {Atit. VIII. vii. 3) when he speaks of a place Etham, about 50 fur- longs from the city, with fine gardens, abounding in rivulets of water, whither Solomon used to drive in state in the early morning. The floor of the valley is stUl cultivated by the villagers of Artds, and yields richly, but the surrounding slopes are rocky and bare. Possibly, there is a trace of the ancient delights of this neighbourhood in the name of a contiguous height, called by the Arabs Jebd tl-Furcidis, '|Mount of the little Paradise.' From the Targum on Ec 2' we learn that Solomon in- dulged his splendid tastes by cultivating in these gardens foreign trees and plants, ' which the goblins and demons brou<rht out of India.' But the Targumist seems to identify these with ' the king's gardens 'mentioned above. ' The boundary, ' he says, ' was from the wall that is in Jerusalem, by the bank of the waters of Siloam.' The grow- ing of exotics is paralleled by the monks of Sinai, but for a different reason. They are Greeks, not Ar.abs. And so, as Dean Stanley says (Sinai and Palestine, p. 52), one ' sees in the gardens the pro- duce, not of the desert or of Egypt, but of the isles of Greece ; not the tamarisk, or Die palm, or the acacia, but tlie olive, the almond tree, the apple tree, the poplar, and the cypress of Attica and Corcyra.'