and Litcrece, 1238 —
' Their gentle sex to weep are often willing ; Grieving themselves to guess at others' smarta.*
GUEST occurs three times in EV of OT, and in everj' instance it is the tr" of a Heb. term (C'x-;,j) which means simply 'called.' A similar term is used in Arabic. Ihus we have the 'guests' at Adonijah's feast, 1 K l*'-'"; the 'guests' of the 'foolisli woman,' Pr 9'"; the 'guests' whom J" consecrates to partake of the sacrifice consisting of Israel, Zepli 1' (see Davidson and Nowack, ad loc). In N'l we read of the 'guests' [avaKelixevoi, lit. 'those reclining') at the wedding feast. In Lk 19' RV more exactly substitutes 'gone in to lodge' for AV 'gone to be guest.' The Gr. is k-aTa\D<rai, which occurs in the s!ime sense in Gn 192 24=^-2= (both pS), Sir 14^-'-'' 30^' [Eng.-»].
Guest-chamber (KardXu^) occurs in Mk 14", Lk 22", and in RV is substituted for 'parlour' of AV in 1 S 'J^. The Ueb. is n;.-'?, which here means 'sacrificial dining-room.' See iNN.
The Heb. term (k'ij) may suggest a wayfarer who is liailed and urged to come in, and is suggestive at once of the infre<iuency of travel and the simplicity of tlie ancient life. It is still the universal custom for those who are sitting at meat in the open air to invito any passers-by to join them. Masons sitting at their mid -day meal by the roadside invite any passer • by wlio liap|)ens to look at them. In the liouse, the master or mistress pas,s- ing tlimugh the kitchen wliero the servants are taking food, will bo courteously invited to partake. Usually such invitations are a mere expression of courtesy, and it is not expected tliat they will be acted upon ; but the custom, now largely arti- ticiol, explains what the reality must have been.
268
GL'ILT
GUTTER
Job mentions, as an item in his self-defence, that he dill not eat his morsel alone (.(oh 31").
In the East, no figure is more invested with chivalry than the giiest. In his own ri^'ht he cannot cross the threshold, hut, when once he is invited within, nil do him honour and unite in rendering service (t!n 18. 19, .'g 111; cf. Trunihull, Oricntdl Social Life, 7311'.). For this relationship of host and guest, see further under Hospitai.ity.
(!. M. M.\CKIK.
GUILT. — See Sin. GOILT-OFFERING. — See Saciiiiice.
GUILTY.— The adj. fi>ox<»{ = i''rx^fi^''"< ' I'eld in,' 'in the ^'rip of) is tr' ' ind.anperof in Mt S'^'"'", Mk 3--' (KV 'guilty of); and in He 2" 'subject to' ; but in its reniainin;; occurrences it is rendered in AV 'guilty of,' Mt 'Hi" ' He is guilty of death,' KV 'worthy of,' KVm 'liable to'; Mk H^ ; 1 Co 11-'' 'guilty of the body and blood of the Lord,' so RV ; Ja 2'" ' I'"or whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet otl'end in one point, he is uilty of all,' KV 'is become guilty of all.' The hrase is quite un-English, and, although it is outid elsewhere, as in the translation of the First Article of the Judgement of the Syrwde of Ihirt (1619), ' I'orasmuchas all men have sinned in Adam, and are become gniltie of the curse, and eternall death,' it is used, no doubt, in imitation of the Eng. versions.* 'The e.\pre.ssion is intro- duced by Wyclif after theVulg. 'reus est mortis' ; Tind. in Mt 20'^", Mk 14" used 'worthy of,' and was followed by all the versions, except tlie Khem,
I
which again tr'' the Vulg. ' guilty of,' and the Kheni. tr" was accepted by A V ; in 1 Co 1 1^, Ja 2'» all the VSS have ' guilty of.' J. Hastings.
GULF.— Aldis Wright (in Shak.s. Macbeth, on IV. i. 23), following Wedgwood, says that 'gulf in the sense of arm of the sea is derived from Fr. qolfe. It. fiolfo, and connected with Gr. KiNTros ; but in the sense of whirlpool or swallowing eddy it is connected with Dutch gulpen, our ' gulp,' to swallow, and with the old Dutch golpe, a whirl- pool. There are certainly the two distinct mean- ings, at any rate. Thus Hakluyt, Votjucjcs, iii. 206, 'among which high and low lands there is a gulfe or breach in some places rbout 5.') fudoiue deepe, and 15 leagues in bredth ' ; and Shak;'. Henry V. II. iv. 10—
' England his approaches makes as fierce As waters to the sucking of a giilf '
In the latter sense the word is used tigurativeiy, as
• Is this T. Fuller's meaning in FTn/anf Statf. v. 5—' Putting her [Joan of Are] to death would render all English men guilty which should hereafter be taken prisoners by the f reach '7
T. Fuller, Jlol;/ and Prufine State, ii. 16—' Nor do I honour the memory of Mulcaster for anvthinn; so much, as for his Scholar, that gulf of \'arniiig, liishop Andrews.' Hut it is in the former sen>u that the word is used in .\V. It is found only in Lk 16^ ' Between us and you there is a great gulf fi.\cd.' The Gr. is xicM", which occurs only hero in NT, and in LXX only 2 S 18" where it translates rns the great 'pit'(EV) in the forest into which they cast the body of Ab.salom. The Gr. x''"^''" <;ives our word ' cha-sm,' but that word was scarcely in use* before 1611, and is not found in any of the versions. Wye. (after Vulg. ' chaos t magnum') has 'a greet derke place,' and Rhem. more literally 'a great chaos' ; Tind. chose ' a great space,' and was followed by Cov., Kog., Cran. ; the Gen. intro- duced 'a great gulfe' (with ' swallowing pit ' in the margin), and the Bishops, AV, KV have accepted that rendering.