J. Hastings.
GRINDER.— The 'grinders' of Ee 12^ are the grimling women at tlie mill (see Mill). But in the margin of .loli 29" the ' grinders ' are the molar teeth. Cf. Holland, Plimj, xi. 37, 'The great grinders which stand beyond the eye-teeth, in no creature whatsoever do fall out of them- selves,' and Fuller, Worthies (Clies-shire), ' How necessary these are for man's sustenance, is proved by the i>ainfall experience of such aged persons, who wanting their niolare teeth, must make use of their gums for grinders.'
GRISLED (modern ' grizzled ') is the tr" of [i^?] hdrid, 'spotted' (perhaps as with i;? 'hail') in Gn si'"- '■' of rams, and in Zee C- ' of horses. Shaks. uses both spellings, Pericles, iii. , Gower — ' The grisled north Disgorges such a tempest forth.'
Hamlet, I. ii. 240—
'Haul. His beard was grizzled? No? Hor. It was, as I have seen it in his life, A sable silvered.'
The word means ' grey,' and in middle Eng. a ' grisid ' w.'is a grey-haired man, as Gower, Con/. Amnntis, iii. 3,56, 'That olde "rrisel is no fole.' It has no connexion with grisly = hideous. See Colours.
GROSS is used in AV of darkness (Is 60', Jer 13'"), and of man's heart (Mt 13", .Ac 2S-"). In the lirst ca.se 'gross darkness' is tr° of '^f'V, which is tr'' simplv 'darkness' everywhere except in those two pl.-u-es and in ,Iob 22'^ (.\V 'dark cloud,' KV 'thick darkness'), Dt .5-''' (EV 'thick darkness'), Ezk 34''^ ( "v 01- EV ' dark day,' KVm ' day of thick darkness '). The meaningof ' gross ' is thus simply ' thick,' ' impenetrable.' In the second case ' make gross' is tr" of Traxi'i'iJ, which means lit. 'make thick or fat,' and lig. ' make -stupid,' and occurs in NT only in those two places, where it i» an exact quotation from LXX of Is 6'" (EV 'Make the heart of this people fat'). Gross has thus the metapliorical sense of dull, stui)id, crass.
Gross means properly 'large,* * bulkv,' aa Shaks. Lear, n. Tt 14—
* The crows and choughs that wing the midway air Show scarce so gross as beetles.'
Then it expresses that which Is big and plain, as Tindale, Wurkit. i. 1)7. ■ Scripture siwaketh after the most gro.ss manner ' ; an<l I'dul. Eranuxu^ i'araphrate on 1 Jn 1 ((ol. '271). ' In di-de the unbelief of mans heart retiuircd. tliut the truelh should be creditctl by gnvwe outwani cx^H-rinu-nles.* And. yet more figuratively. It was used to express densitv of mind, as Knox, Uift. i'ix, ' The Karle of Athole, who was thought to lie a man of gn>t.ite judgoiiient.* In NT it expresses more than mental dulnesM, which Involves moral culpability ontv a<« it is Uit result of wilful rajectlon ol light. J , H AS'I'INUS.
266
C. ROUND
GRUDGE
GROUND (ntiK, j"ix, 7^) is used in AV indiffer- till \\ \i itli 'eartli 'as the tr. of the Heb. andGr. words enunicrated under EaRTH. In RV, on the con- trary, tliere appears to be an attempt (altlioiigh it has not been carried out with uniformity) to retain '};rouiid' as their, of "iT'Ji?. inJ ' eartli 'as that of i";x. Tlie following examples oif the word deserve notice —
1. In older English ' ipround ' was used where we should now prefer either ' earth' or ' land,' as Jer 27' ' I have made the earth, the man and the beast that are upon the CTOund ' (pxn •:b"'^1', KV ' upon the face of the eartli ') ; Ezk 19" ' in a drj' and thirsty t^round ' ( n^i, IIV 'land'). Cf. Is 53' Cov. ' Whose j;cneracion yet no man niaye nombre, when he shalbe cut of from the grounde of the lyvinpe.' 2. In Sir 18' 'ground' is used figur- ativeij' for the bottom of a thing, ' As for the wondrous works of the Lord, there may nothing be taken from tliera, neither may anything be put to them, neither can the ground of them be found out.' This is Coverdale's tr°, and it has been adopted by all the VSS after him, except the Douay, though the Gr. is merely ovk Iffriv ;$ix- K.dcrai. The Vulg. has simply 'nee est invenire,' whence Wye. ' nethir it is to fynde,' and Dou. ' neither is it possible to Cnde.' RV ^ves ' Neither is it possible to track them out.' Ground is used in the Preface to AV 1611, with the same mean- ing, ' Therefore let no mans eye be evill, because his Maiesties is good . . . but let us rather blesse God from the ground of our heart, for working this religious care in him, to have the translations of the Bible maturely considered of and examined.' 3. In I Ti 3" ' ground ' means basis or ' founda- tion,' ' the churcn of the living God, the pillar and LTiMind of the truth ' ; Gr. eSpaiufia, AVm and IvViii ' sta}'.' This is the only occurrence of the word in classical or biblical Greek. The Vulg. renders by ' tirmamentum,' whence Wye. ' sad- nesse' [ = strength], all other VSS having 'ground.' So in Preface to AV, 1611, 'The Edition of the Seventy . . . was used by the Greek Fathers for the ground and Foundation of their Commen- taries.' Cf. T. Fuller, Holy Warre, iii. 2, p 112, ' But well did one in the Council of Treno give these tituljir Bishops the title oi fgmenta humana, mans devices ; because they have as little ground in Gods word and the ancient Canons for their making, as ground in Palestine for their main- tenance.' The same meaning is expressed by the verb ' to ground,' which is found in AV as a ptcp. only, Is 30^- ' And in every place where the grounded staff shall pass, which the LORD shall lay upon him, it shall be with tabrets and harps ' (.Tipo .150 TjVD Sb .Tni, AVm 'every passing of the rod founded ' ; RV ' every stroke of the appointed stafl',' RVm ' every passing of the staff of doom ' *) ; Eph 3" ' being rooted and grounded in love ' ; Col 1^ ' If ye continue in the faith grounded and settled ' (both TfSe/teXiw/i^.'oO. Cf. Mt 7'^ II Lk 6«, Tind. ' the wyndes blewe and bet upon that same housse, and it fell not, because it was grounded on the rocke.' In Ex 9" Tind. uses the word in the slightly ditferent sense of established, ' Tomorow this tyme I will send doune a mightie great hayle ; e -en socli tne as was not in Egipte sence it was graunded.' J. H.A.STINGS.