Elace three years later under Cyrus. The city eing relieved of the presence of the enemy, Nabonidus was able to linish the work of Shal- maneser and Assur-bani-apli, and, at the same time, to embellish the citj'. In the 5th cent. A.D. the Sabicans of Haran seem to have worshipped the sun as ' Bel-shamin,' the lord of heaven, later on using the Greek name of 'HXios. Gula (under the name of 'Gadlat'jand Tar'ata (Atargatis or Derceto) are ijiven by St. James of Seruj as the favourite goddesses of Haran. There was also a chapel dedicated to Abraham. The Koman gene- ral Crassus was defeated near Haran, but subse- quently the province of Ede.ssa fell into the power of the Komans, and Haran appears as a Roman city in the wars of Caracalla and Julian. It is worthy of notice that Harau ret^iined until a late date the Chalda-an language and the worship of Chaldieaii deities.
LiTKRATTBi!.— Del. Paradif, 18S ; Schrmder, COT, Ktitin- tchri/trnxmd Gtteii\eht»for*ehuntj,3bi-faa; Ainsworth, KujJi. Tiitem ExjHiiituin, i. 'ilW ; Sachau, B^lin Acad.. Feb. U, islt.'i ; Kawliii.-fon, lltT^xl. i. [>ii;i n.; lIoinnu>l, Alt'J\Unitjji. s. * IKinin '); Saycf, Wf.!/ anil JiV/U (both Index). I. A. PlNCIIl':.S.
HARARITE, THE (-mn), according to Ges. {T/ics. 3'J2) = 'a mountain-dweller,' but more prob- ably it should be taken as a gentilicadjective = ' a native of Harar.' No such iilace is niiMitione<l in the OT, but we may infer from 2 S '23"'- that it was situated somewlicro near tlie Philistine fron- tier, probably in the Shci^ihelah. Two (not three) of David's heroes are distinguished by this title. I • UL btUul (Mt-UO.
302
HARUO.VA
HAKDEXING
1, Sliiiiiiiiiali tlie son of Agee, 'one of the tliirt y ' (L' S 23^ o 'ApuSeiT-i,!). In the luirallel 1 Cli 11** Slmiiinmli is probaUy to be le.ul for Sliagee (see Driver, Sani. I.e.). Further, in 2 S 23" (where we must read 'the Hararite' ['""iqci for "!T7]) it •>* Jirobably Shammali and not A-ree (\vh. see) who is tlius designated. The LXX to 2 S 23" (6 'Apovxitos) points to a reading ' the Archite' (■?1!J'7). which is partly supported by its render- ing of 1 Ch II** (B o 'Apaxfl and o 'Apapel; A 6 Wpapl). See Agek, Shammaii.
2. Ahiani the son of Sharar (2 S 23"; read T!"? for ■■!>"'7 ; B ^apaovpflrrit, A 'Apapeirij?). In the parallel 1 Ch 11" Sharar appears as Sacar (rx'-x "!";■■? i?y I? ; B 4 'Apapel, A 6 'Apa.pl). See Ahiam^ SllARAU. J. F. Stenninq.
HARBONA {Hfmn Est l'">) or HARBONAH (n;i;-;n 7''). LXX has Qappd in l" (B), Boiryai/di' in 7". — Tlie third of the seven eunuchs or chamberlains who waited upon king Ahasuerus. It was he who suggested that Ilanian should be hanged upon the gallows wliich he had prepared for Mordecai. The name seems to be Persian : hnrban = donkey- driver. &. A. White.
HARBOUR See Haven.
HARD. — The various meanings of ' hard,' whether a~ ailj. oi adv., may be given as follows : 1. Liter- ally, «o< soft, only Job 41^, Ezk 3", Wis IP, Sir 40'"'>48". 2. Unfeeling, cruel: Ps 94* ' How long shall they utter and speak hard things?' (RV ' 'I'liey prate, they speak arrogantly'); Wis 19'* ' they used a more hard and hateful behaviour to- wanl stranijers' (RV '^jrievous indeed was the hatred which they practised toward guests'). Cf. Wyclif, fy'orks, iii. 115, 'The vi tyme we schul trowe, that aftyr xxxij yer he suti'rid hard pas- sioun, undir Pounce Pilate.' 3. Trying, exartinfj : Ex 1'* 'hard bondage' (RV 'hard service') ; 2S 3^^ ' The sons of Zeruiah be too hard for me ' ; Ps 88' 'Thy wrath lieth hard upon me'; Pr 13" 'The way of transgressors is hard ' (RV ' The way of the treacherous is rugged'); Mt 25" 'Lord, I knew thee that thou art an hard man' ; Jn 6™ 'This is an hard saying ; who can hear it ? ' ; Ac 9° ' It is hard for thee to kick against the pricks'). 4. Ob- durate : Jer5' ' They have made their faces harder than a rock ' ; Ezk 3" ' As an adamant harder than flint have I made thy forehead.' Cf. Shaks. Ant. and Clcop. in. xi. Ill —
' But when we in our viciousnesa ctow hard, (O misery on't) the wise gods seel our eyes.'
5. Strenuotis: only Jon 1" 'the men rowed hard.'
6. Difficult: as Gn 18" 'Is anything too hard for the Lord ? ' (RVm ' wonderful ') ; 1 K 10' ' She came to prove him with hard questions ' ; Mk 10" ' How hard is it for them that trust in riches to enter int« the kingdom of God ! ' Cf. Rhem. NT, Preface, 'Moreover, we presume not in hard places to mollify the epeaches or phrases, but religiously keepe them word for word, and point for point.'
7. Clo.ie, as Jg &>' ' And Abimelech . . . went hard unto the door of the tower to bum it with fire' ; Ps 63' ' My sonl followeth hard after thee ' ; Ac 18' ' Justus . . . whose house joined hard to the syna- gogue.' This meaning of the word is common in early >vriters : cf. Lk 2» Tind. 'And loo, the angell of the lorde stode harde by them' ; Job 17' Cov. ' I am harde at deathes dore.' It is some- times used of time, as in Rhem. NT, note to Jn 2u''" ' Though he gave them his peace hard before, yet now entering to a new divme action, to pre- pare their hartes to grace and attention, he blesseth them againe.'