For Harden, Hardening, see next article. Hardiness — This subst. occurs only in Jth 16"
'The Persians quaked at her boldness, and tha Meclcs were daunted at her liardines.s' (Opdiros, RV ' bulilnes-s'). Cf. Sir T. Elyot, Gorernour, ii. 47, ' What avayled fortune incomparable to the great kynge Alexander, his wonderful! jiui.-isaiue and hardvnes, or his singular doctrine in philosophy, tauglit hyni by Aristotle, in deliverynge hym Iroiu the deth in his yonge and ilourisshing age?' So Cov. uses 'hardy" for ' Ijold ' in I)n 11'* 'no man shalbe so hardy as to stonde agaynst him'; and Barlowe, 'hardily' for 'boldly' (Dinlugc, \<. 68), ' Use they such crafty conveyaunce in proniotyng tlieyr Gos[)ell ? Ye hardely, and that without any shame when they be detected of it.'
Hardly does not occur in AV in the mod. sense of 'scarcely.' Its meanings there are two: 1. Har.My, grievously, Gn 16'' ' .\nd when Sarai dealt hardlj- with her, she fleil from her face' (C"l'?'.. AVm 'afUicted her') ; and Is 8-' ' hardly be- stead and hungry' (Amer. RV 'sore'; see Be- stead). RV introduces ' hardly ' in this sense into Job 19*. 2. With diffindtii. Ex 13'^ 'And it came to pass, when Pharaoh would hardly let us go, that the Lonu slew all the liist horn in the land of Egypt' {"Q!'f'i' lins nv'P'T'?, K\'in 'liarilencd him- seli against letting us go') ; .Mt 19-^ ' Verily I say unto you. That a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven ' (SifficiXws ; RV ' It is hard for a rich man to enter,' a change that is com- mended bj' Beckett [Shuuld RV be Aulhiiruicd ? p. 100] as much better, though less literal than AV, since the latter suggests, according to our mod. idiom, that a rich man can .scarcely enter the kingdom of heaven. The same Gr. adv. occurs in Mk lu^, Lk 18", and is tr' in the same way in AV, a tr" which RV accepts in these places) ; Lk 9*" 'and bruising him lianlly departeth from him' (^6715, WII ixb\L^) ; Ac 27' ' And, hardly |>assing it, came unto a place which is called The fair havens' (/iiXit, RV 'with difficulty'). This meaning of 'hardly' may be seen in North's Plutarch, y. 880, ' Demetrius was so scared, that he had no further leysure, but to cast an ill-favoured cloke about him, the first that came to hand, and disguising himselfe to flie for life, and scaped very hardly, that he was not shamefully taken of his enemies for his incontinencie' ; and T. Adams, // Peter (on 1*), ' He that hath done evil once, eliall more hardly resist it at the next a.ssault.'
Hardness. — 2 Ti 2* ' Thou therefore endure hard- ness, as a good soldier of Jesus Christ ' (in) olv kuko- TiBrinov, edd. auvKaKoiriBTiaov, RV ' Sufler hardship with me,' RVm 'Take thy part in sulTering hard^ ship '). Hardness for mod. ' hardship ' is found in Shaks., as Cymb. III. vi. 21 —
* Plenty, and peace, breeds cowards ; hardness ever Of hardiness is mother.'
Elsewhere ' hardness ' is either lit. of the clods (Job 38**), or fig. of theheart(Mt 19', Mk 3» 10» 16'*,Ro2«}.
J. HA.SIINGS. HARDENING.— The moral difficulty of this sub- ject is the ascription in OT of the hardening of men's hearts to God. Pharaoh's is the typical case ; and his story is so vivid in its dramatit unity and details that we cannot wonder that practically his case is regarded as if it were unique. But it is net so ; it is only a striking example of a class. Pharaoh's history sets before us the picture of a contlict between the proud head of a great empire and the Almighty, a contlict in ten onsets, or a drama in ten acts, in the last of which the human tyrant comes to the ground. As his case is a typical one, it is import- ant to note the salient features. First of all, the result is twice foretold. The Lord says, ' I will harden his heart' (Ex 4" 7'). In the case of the first five plagues and the seventh (river turned into blood, frogs, lice, fiies, murrain, and hail) th«
HARDENING
HARIPH
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phrase is ' Pharaoh Iiardened his heart ' or ' his heart was hardened ' ( Ex ?'•'■ -'-' 8"- ''■'■ '■' 9'- '■"■ =«). In Ihe sixth, eighth, and ninth (boils, locusts, dark- ness) the phrase is ' the Lord hardened his heart ' (913 io». 27j '|'|,„3 j|,y result is not aserihcd to (Jod only ; both the divine and tlie Imman agencies are recoj,Tiized. Wliatever God had to do with the result, Pharaoh's freedom of action was not interfered with. Again, it is signihcant that 'the Lord hardened his heart' /oWoira 'Pharaoh hardened.' It Ls the phrase used, ^vith one ex- ception, in the second severer series of divine judgments. When the lighter ones failed, heavier ones were sent. And even in the second series the result in one case is ascribed solely to Pharaoh (hail, 9**"). Is it not evident that the dixine action described in ' the Lord hardened ' was a punishment for the previous disobedience of the king? Is it not equally certain that each judg- ment, up to the last one, while a punishment, wius also a merciful warning and call to rejient- ance ? At each stage Pharaoh might have yielded instead of refusing. It should be noted that the phrase ' the Lord hardened ' is peculiar to the OT ; in the NT it occurs only in quotations from the Old.