LlTERATURB. — Thomson (the tlrst to identify with et-FIara- thiyeh). Land and Book'', ii. 215 £f. ; G. A, Smith, HGHL 393 f. ; Baedekcr-Socin, Pat.^ 241 ; Buhl, G^P 214 ; fiW f vol. i. sh. v. ; Oonder, Tent-Work, L 132; Moore, Judges. 107 t., 119,
122. J. A. Selbie.
HARP.— See Music.
HARROW. — 1. In modem agricultnre the harrow is used both for breaking stilt' soil and pieimring it for the seed, and for covering in the seed wiien so\vn. For the latter purpose the harrow was certainly not used either in Bible times or later by the Jews, who ploughed in the seed (the technical word for which was nsn, see Vogelstein, Die Land- nnrthscfmft in Palastina zur Zeit der Muiknah, 1 Theil, ' Der Getreidebau," 1894, p. 36) as their successors the Syrian fellahin do to this day iPEFSt, ISni, p. il6, ZDPV xii. p. 29).* As to the use of the narrow in preparing the ground for .seed, the case is not so clear. On the one hand, we find in three passages of the O T unmistakable reference to some method, in addition to ordinary ploughing, for breaking up the soil preparatory to sowing. 'Doth the ploughman plough continually?' it is asked, 'doth he continuallv open and break the clods of his ground ? ' (Is 28^'R V). The last of these operations (Heb. iti':) is usually understood as, and often rendered by, harrowing (c/. by Che.vne, Delitzsch, etc.). "The same word is found in two other passages (Hos 10", Job 39'"), where it certainly denotes some agricultural operation by
• Roman writers regfard harrowing c^fter aowlnp as Kid hu»- bandrv (see ' ACTiculture ' in Smith's Diet. 0/ Antuftiitifji).
means of an implement to which an ox or other animal might be harnessed, as in the question, ' Canst thou bind the wild ox with his band in the furrow, or will he harrow (in;;) the valleys after thee?' (Job 39"* KV — the only passage wliere the verb is so rendered in our EV). t)n the strength of these passages it has been the cu.Mtom to regard harrowing as the operation intended, and the harrow as in ordinary use among the Hebrews for the pur- pose stated. (See AouicULTUKK, vol. i. p. 49").
On the other hand, we must reckon with the following facts : — {a) the harrow is an imnlement unknown to the ancient Egyptians (Wilkinson, Manners and Ciistoms, etc., ed. Birch, ii. 39j) ami the early Greeks (Biichsenschutz, Bcfitz. inul Enocrb, etc. 304) ; (i) the harrow itself is not named either in the OT — .see 2 below — or in the Mishna, which is so rich in the technical vocabu- lary of agriculture (see esp. Vogelstein's exhaustive study above cited, p. 42, n. 33) ; (c) it is not in ordinary use among the Syrian peasantry today {ZDPVxu. 31, and cf. list of modern agricultural implements by Post, PEFSt, 1891, p. 110). In the face of these facts, the use of the harrow by the Hebrews must at least be left an open question. It is not improbable that ti;' may be a technical term for one of the various ploughings which were customary, in later times at least, before the soil was ready to receive the seed (cf. Vogelstein, op. cit. p. 36, n. 68), and mav possibly correspond to our cross-ploughing. The (ireek translators of Job, it may be noted, understood it of ploughing (iXKiaci aov odXa/cas {•> treSlif, 39'"), and we know that the Roman authorities much preferred ploughing to harrowing as a means of breaking up the still surface (Pliny, Nat. Hist. xvm. ch. xlix. ; Colu- mella, II. iv. 2).
2. Throughout this discussion we have avoided any reference to the two passages in our KV where harrows are expressly mentioned. The captive population of Kabbah 'of the children of Amnion,' David, we read, 'put under saws, and under harrows of iron (Sn;n '^fin), and under axes of iron,' etc. (2 S 12", and with slight variations 1 Ch 20^). By ' harrows of iron ' it has been usual to under- stand — following the LXX iv tois Tpij36\oit roit (TtS-qpoTt — the threshing-board or drag (I'nn Am 1', Job 41-^ [Eng.*'^) of the husbandman, with its under side set with nails and sharp flints (see AORICUL- TtTRE, vol. i. p. SO""). It is extremely doubtful, however, if this cruelty can be laid to David's charge. Almost aU modern scholars are in favour of a rendering resembling that suggested in the margin of our RV. In this case the word rendered ' harrows,' which etymologically denotes a sharp instrument, may be t^ie 'pick,' and the whole would read : ' he put them (to forced labour) with saws, and with picks, and axes of iron, and made them labour (reading tsj't for "I'srn) at the brick-mould.' (See Driver, Text of Smn. 226 If. ; Condamin, Jiev. Bihl., AprU 1898, p. 253 tt'.).
A. R. S. Kennedy.
HARSHA (Nfnn).— Eponyni of a family of Nethi- nini (Ezr 2^-', Neh 7"), called in 1 Es 5^^ Charea. See Genealogy.
HARSITH (n-nn KerS, mcnn Keth}hh).—Tie name of a gate in Jerusalem (Jer 19^ HV). RVm has ' the gate of potsherds," i.e. where they were thrown out {Oxf. Heb. Lex.). AV deriving the word from D-in 'sun,' has 'the east gate,' AVm 'the sun gate!' LXX has B Qapffels, X"-' Xapir(9, AQ XapTdO. This gate led into the Valley of Hinnom. See Jerusalem.