tbe impression that that Is the term in On), as even Abp. Sharp, Works, IT. Ser. xii. * God made man first, and out of hijo created woman ; and declared withal, that he therefore create<J her that she might be a help-mate for the man.' The meaning is a helper (the word is of course concrete as in Ps 703) that will assist him in the work given him to do, carr}ing it on in the same spirit, as Vulg. ' adjutorium similem sibi.' The meaning is well illustrated by Southey, Wesley, ii. 188, ' It had therefore been much impressed upon his (Whitefleld'sj heart that he should marry, in order to have a help meet for him in the work whereunto he was called.' Tindale's tr=> '« (*21*) ' I will make liym an helper to beare him cunijn.,y. (Jf. To 8* 'Let us make unto him an aid like unto himself 03*f;d«» oudi*r ai^ai, exactly as LXX of On 230, rv 'a helper hke unto him'). Pennant, however (Brit. Zool. * The Hog '), usfls the word * tielpmate' in this sense : * In Minorca the ass and the hog are common helpmates, and are yoked together in order to turn up the laud.'
The plu. form 'helps' occurs thrice : (1) 2 Mtc 8" ' Moreover he recounted unto them what helps their forefathers had found ' (avriX-fujitpeit, RV ' the help given from time to time in the days of their ancestors'). (2) Ac 27" ' they used helps, under- girding the ship ' (/3o)jSf(oi! ixP^'^°)- P^S^ and Wal- pole's note is good : ' Cables passed round the hull and tightly secured on deck to prevent the timbers from starting, especially amidships, where in ancient shii)s with one large mast the strain was very great. The technical English word is frappinq, but the process is rarely employed now.' See Smith, Voyage and Shipwreck of Ht. Paul ', 105, and art. Ship. (3) 1 Co 12=« ' And God hath set some in the church, first apostles . . . helps, governments, diversities of tongues ' (TR avri.- Xt)^«s, edd. di'TiXTj/nI'fis, AV 1611, ' helpes in governments '). See next article.
In AV Idll and in most edd. still, the past ptcp. is * holpen ' in Ps 838 8617, Is 313, Dn W*, Lk 1« ; KV retains the form, but Amer. K V prefers ' helped ' in all but the last. The past tense is always ' helped ' ; and * helped ' occurs as past ptcp. in 1 Cb 620, 2 Ch 261», Ps 287, Is 498. J HASTINGS.
HELPS (di'TiXiiMjf't", opittilatioms). — In LXX (in Pss [for several Heb. words], 1 Es, Sir, 2, 3 Mac) dvTiXTj/i^tis implies ' succour,' as of stronger to weaker, not the ' help ' of an assistant to superior, e.g. Sir ll^'-* wpoffSed^evos a., ,*i Mac d. ^| ovpdvov, cf. Jos. BJ IV. r. 1. Similarly in papyri of the age of the Ptolemies d. =porideta, as in the phrase ruxfi' avTiX-fi^rpiuK (cf. 2 Mac 15', 3 Mac 2^) ; while avTiX-iipLimiip is a style of the king with whom is asylum (/tara^wri), cf. 2 S 2?"). In NT it occurs onlv in 1 Co 12'-*, alon" with ici',3fpn)<ret!, to which LX^X usage attaches tlie meaning ' wise counsels ' (mS:nB Pr 1» 11" 240 [Job 37" Svmra., Pr 20'» Theod.]: so Kv^epv^v, Pr 12», Wis 10* U«, Sus 1"; Hesycli. paraphrases by Trpovot)TiKal i-jnirTTJ/uii Kal ijipovijaeis. Gloss, on Pr 1° ^iricmJM'; tui> vpaTTOtihuv). The list of God-given gifts to the Church enumer- ates ' lirst apostles, second prophets, third teachers, next powers, next charisms of healings, succours, counsels, kinds of tongues'; while in the inter- rogative recapitulation, which follows in vv.-*-*", 'succours' and 'counsels' fall out, probably as being less charismatic than the rest and more widely dill'uscd among the brethren. This is coii- firnied by the analogous list of charismata in Ro j26-s_ where the moral also is the same, viz. the duty of the many members to use their functional gifts for the common organic well-being. It is indeed hard to find in the latter list any single synonj-ms for 'succours' and 'counsels': rather they may well cover several things — the one, personal service {Sianovla, cf. Pho'he a.s SiiKovos, 16'), charity (4 itrraSiSous) or acts of mercy {6 iXeCJf) ; the other, instruction [SiSaaKaXla) and exliortation *
* i T^trr»u\,H is ambiguous, as (1) Ph>ube is catU-d w^trrmr^ wXXi*, i.e. patroness (a patrona in relation to elientes, as i> were), which probably lias reference to lK;ncflcenco rather thar rule; (2) r^««-r«r.ff, (xcrMvfiKiuvArt) Is a recognized equivali-ii' for «. (see Suioer, s.r.). Ttiis must b« remembered even ii 1 Th 6i«.
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{rapiK\rijii). But in any case the various activities are so intermini'lcd as to exclude specifil reference to any officials. We are still at the stage when func- tions in the ecclcsia, not functionaries, are every- thing(cf. IIM'""). Inasome«hatlaterlist(Eph4'') it is otherwise ; and we get 'shepherds and teachers' in place of ' succours and counsels.' IJut meantime these gifts exjjUiin and are explained by Gal 0'- ', where 'the spiritual' help their weaker hrcthron to recover theiy footing, ' bearing one aiiullier's burdens' ; and bj' 1 Th 5", where the brethren in general are to ' put in mind the unruly, comfort the faint-hearted, uphold the weak ' (diT^xf^"'" ^Siv daOevuiy, the very words bj' which Theophyl. delines di-riXij/i^is). From this passage we further learn that it is unsafe to refer d. and Kvfi. to distinct ollices, even when more or less regular oHicials are in question. In 1 Co itself we find only one class of regular workers (lO""'"), members of the house- hold of Stephaiui-s, who have ' devoted themselves unto ministry to the saints,' and to whose wise counsuls the "brethren are exhorted to yield sub- ordination. In them, we can hardly doubt, the gifts of ' succour ' and ' counsel ' dwelt in eminent degree ; and we may infer the like of those named in 1 Th 5^, where KOTrt^c, Trpo'CaTdvai, vovOereli' may be coextensive with d. and m/J. Finally, Ac 20^° comes in to clinch these conclusions. Speaking to Ephesian elders, whom he describes as guardians of the flock (^), St. Paul bids them toil (kotti^j/) to succour the weak (dxTiXa^jadKeffflai, cf. Lk 1", also awavr. Ro 8-"), being mindful of their Lord's gulden woid. Just above he has spoken of the need of wise counsel on their part. So that, once again, we get d. and kv^. combined in an undillerentiated oth'ial class, here called 'elders.' The 'succour' in question, m keeping with linguistic usage, is that later on rendered by ' bishops ' rather than 'deacons.' But so far there is no evidence of any such formal distinction, which meets us hrst in I'h P — where indeed there is as yet no trace of subordination of the one class to the other (cf. their parallel position in 1 Ti 3'"", 2'cachiny 15'). In I Co 12-*, on the other hand, the ' succours ' and ' counsels ' not only occur on the same level, as it were, but what was later thought the htimbler function actually comes first (there is nothing to suggest Meyer's 'climactic juxtaposition'). This makes the two terms most significant for primitive Christianity and its ministerial conceptions. 'Ai-t-., then, means ' anything that could be done for poor or weak or outcast brethren, either by rich or powerful or influential brethren or by tlie devotion of those who stood on no such eminence ' ; while »tu/3. denotes guidance by 'men who by wise counsels did for the community what the steersman or pilot does for the ship' (Hort).