We have more than one reference to Antipaa during our Lord's ministry, apart from his rela- tions to John the Baptist. When he heard of the fame of Jesus, his conscience smote him, and h< was frightened, thinking that John the Baptist had risen from the dead (Mt 14', Mk 0", Lk 9'). Jesus therefore went to IJethsaida Julias in the territorj- of Philip. Later, apparently when going through Penea (Lk 13"), a rumour is spread that Autijias desires to kill Him, and Jesus speaks of him as ' that fox,' alluding to his well-known character for craft. He wanted to drive out of his country a teacher who might cause some dis- turbance, and yet to be free from the guilt of con- demning a .second prophet (Lk 13^'). At that time, according to St. ^lark (8"), He had condemned the leaven of Herod. St. Luke (23^"'") relates also an examination of our Lord before Antipas (who had wished to see Him for some time) ; the result of this was the reconciliation of Pilate and Herod. This was presumably oulv an informal examina- tion, and not part of tiie regular trial. It is referred to again in Ac 4^, and is prominent in the Gospel of Peter. It may be noticed that St. Lukt apjjears to have had special means of information about the Herod dynasty, and that his information is a[)parently accurate. He does not, like St. Mark, incorrectly call Antipius king (Lk 8', Ac 13').
The marriage with Herodias was the cause of Antipas' fall. First a war broke out between him and Aret;vs (A.D. 36), although nine years later apparently than the flight of Herod's lirst wife. Antipas suliered a severe defeat, which some con- sidered, according to Josephus, to be a punishment for what he had done to John the Baptist (^Ini. XVIII. V. 2). Again later, Herodias persuaded her husband to go to Jerusalem and demand the title of king from Caius, being jealous of what the latter had done for Agrippa. The result of the application was that Agrippa brought charges against him which caused liis banishment (Ant. VIII. vii. 2). His place of banishment was Lug- dunum in Gaul [Ant. XVIII. vii. 2), but Spain, according to BJ II. ix. G, was the place where Antipas died. It has been suggested that this was Lurjdunum Convenarum at the foot of the Pyrenees, and not the better- known place of that name. (See Smith's Dli- 1, ii. 1347).
(3) Philip (<J)i\i7riros) was the son of Herod the Great by Cleopatra, a woman of Jerusalem (Ant. XVII. i. 3). He had been educated at Rome, like the rem.iimler of Herod's sons. The territory to which he succeeded on the death of his father and by the decision of Augustus (see above), consisted, according to Josephus, of Batanea, Trachonitis, Aurauitis, Gaulanitis, and Paneaa (Ant. XVII. viii. 1, xi. 4, XVIII. iv. 6 ; BJ II. vi. 3), according to St. Luke (3') the country of Itunea and Trachonitis, 4>t\ij-jrou Si . . . rerpapxawToi j^j 'IroupaJas icai T/jaxw'Tioos X"P<"- (t*" the meaning of this passage see IxUR^A). Sneaking generally, it implied the district to the N. and E. of the Sea of Galilee. Its revenues were computed at 100 talents, and his title was that of tetrarch He ruled for 38 years from his accession in B.C. i
HEROD
HEitOD
359
until his death in A.D. 34, without any startlin" event and without reproach. He was distinguished from the other sons of Herod by the absence of ambition, of cruelty, and of lust. He was only oni o married, to Salome the daughter of Herodias, and had no cliildren. His character is summed up by .Jos. Ant. xvill. iv. 6. ' He was moderate and peaceful in his rule, and spent his whole life in his country. He went out witli only a small retinue, always taking with him the throne on which he might sit and judge. Whenever he met any one who had need of liim, he made no delay, but set down the throne wherever he might be and heard the case.'
His name is chiefly remembered by the city of C>ESAREA Philippi, which he founded on the site of Paneas at the head waters of the Jordan. It was called CiEsarea in honour of the emperor, and received the name of Philippi to distinguish it from the more important city on the seacoast. He also rebuilt Betii.saida, situated on the left bank of the Jordan where it flows into the Lake of Genuesareth, and called it Julias. It was to tliis city, in all probability, that our Lord retired to escape the attention of Herod Antipas {Lk 9'"). He also showed his loyalty to the emperors by placing the busts of Augustus and Tiberius on his coins, a course which was possible mainly owing to the non-Jewish character of the population.
On his death his territory was joined to the province of Syria, but its taxes were collected separately. Caligula immediately on his accession gave it to Agrippa.
(4) Herod, called Philip, was the son of Herod by Mariamne, daughter of Simon the high priest. llcr father was a priest, of too low class to be allied with him, but too important to be despised. Herod was wise enough not to use his authority to her detriment, but did not scruple to make her father high priest {Ant. XV. i.\. 3). Herod had been named in his father's first will, but, owing to the treachery of his mother, was left out in sub- sequent wills {BJ 1. XXX. 7), and lived and died a private person, apparently in Kome {Ant. xvill. v. 1). His claim to distinction is that he was the first husband of Herodias. Aj)parently, he also bore the name of Philip (Mt 14», Mk 6").