In Mk 6^7 all MSS read rii> yvteiiiut •ttXiirwou r«v iZt^JfoZ otvroZ. In Mt 143 ^tXiwwM/ is omitted by D, the Vulgate, and some Old Latin MSS. In Lk 319 it ia omitted by K B D, theVulg.,01d Latin, and was probably not part of the original text.
The discrepancy may be explained either (1) by assuming that Philip was the oliitr name of llerod. This is all" the more prob- able, as lo the po^so^e of Joscphus (Ant. win. v. 4) llerod Antipas is also called sininly ilerod. Against this is the fact that St. Luke, who generally has by far the most accurate in- formation concerning the Ilerwls, does not give the name ; (2) by supposing that there is aconfusion between the first husband and the son-in-law of Herodias, for her daughter Salome married Philip the tetmrch.
(5) AORIPPA I. was bom about the year 10 B.C., being 54 years old at the time of his death in A.D. 44 {Ant. XIX. viii. 2). He was the son of Aristobulus, son of Herod the Great by Mariamne, granddauf'hter of Hyrcanus. His mother was Bernice, daughter of Salome, Herod"s sister, and of Costobar(^4n<. xvill. v. 4). Not long after his birth his father was put to death by Herod, and he him- self with his mother sent to Uome, where he was bniHght up. His mother was a friend of Antonia, widow of the elder Drusus, and he himself enjoyed the friendship of the younger iJrusus. This im- perial fricndstiip appears to have been of doubt fill advantage. He was magnanimous, reckless, and extravagant, spent large sums in bribing the im- perial fieedmen, got hopelessly into debt, ami, on the death of Drusus, lost the imperial favour. He had to leave Home, and during the next four- veen years of his life was subject to many si range vicissitudes. At one time he had even me<litaled
suicide. AVhen Tiberius died (March 16, A.D. 37) he was in prison, but the accession of Caligula, which he had looked forward to so indiscreetly as to lose his liberty, at length brought the change of his fortunes. The new emperor immediately gave him the tetrarchies of Philip and Lj-.sanias, the title of king, and a golden chain equal in weight to the iron chain with which be had been bound {Ant. XVIlI. vi. 10), while the senate added the honorary title of prefect. In 38 he visited his new possessions, but in 39 he was back in Koine. He was responsible for the banishment of Herod Antipas in 39, and received his tetrarch v in addition to the other two. More creditable to him was the wisdom and boldness with which he persuaded Caius not to erect a statue of himself in the temple at Jerusalem. The death of Caligula (41) and the accession of Claudius gave him an oppor- tunity of winning the goodwill of the latter ; and he received Juda.>a and Samaria in addition to his other possessions, and ruled therefore over all the territory of his grandfather.
It is from this date that his three years of actual rule began. Its leading feature, and one which harmonizes with the narrative in the Acts, was bis friendliness to the Jews and his regard for Jewish customs. He began his reign by oll'ering all the fitting sacrifices in the temple, omitting nothing that the law enjoined ; by paying the cost of many who wished to fulfil their Kazirite vows ; and by dedicating in the temple the golden chain wliich he had received from Caius. His determi- nation to uphold the privileges of his peojile was si)eedily shown. Some young men in the town of Dora liad erected a statue of the emperor in the Jewish synagogue in that place. This angered Agrippa, "for it meant the overthrow of the laws of the country, and he used his influence to per- suade Petronius the governor of Syria to interfere, which he did, not only ordering the removal of the statue, but punishing those who had erected it. Fur his loyalty to Judaism both Josephus {Ant. Xl\. vii. 3) and the Pharisees (Schiirer, I. i. p. 444) are loud in his praise. His conduct is contrasted with that of Herod the Great, who showed all his benevolence towards the Gentile cities. He con- stantly lived in Jerusalem, and preferred it. He kept the laws of his country in purity. He lived a life of the strictest holiness, and allowed no day to pass without ottering the sacrifice. So the Mislina tells us how he in person used to olTer the first- fruits ; and a story is told that at the Feast of Tabernacles, as he read the words, Dt 17'° ' Thou mayest not set a stranger over thee which is not thy brother,' he burst into tears. And the peoj)le cried out, ' Be not disturbed — thou art our brother ! thou art our brother ! ' He also used his political influence — which was considerable — to spread Judaism. When he betrothed his daughter Drusilla to Kpiphanes, son of Antiochus, king of Commagene, he made him undertake to be circum- cised.
CJuite in accordance with this character is the narrative in Ac 12. Ho began a persecution of the Church. He slew James the brother of John with the sword, and, finding that this was pleasing to the Jews, proceeded to take Peter also. These events hap|)eiied during the Piussover. Another side of his Judaizing polic}' is shown bj- the attempts which he made— both frustrated by the iiitorfcrcnco of the governor of Syria, Marsiis — to strciigtlien his kingdom. Ho enlarged the walls of Jerusalem, and while at Tiberias received no less than five vassal princes — Antiochus of Com- ningone.Sampsigeramnsof Enie-sa.Cotys of Armenia Minor, I'oliUKin of I'ontus, and Ilerod of Chiilcis, his own brother. That he wius Icmli.sh enough to mcilitatc any treason ia uuprobable ; he was too