The author wa-s not a Ilerodian, not a Sadducce (for he believes in the resurrection), not a Pharisee (for he lays no stress on the written tradition), not an E.ssene (for he does not condemn the sacrifices), not a Hellenist (for he attacks the laxity of Hellenism). He was a Jew who, in a time of laxity and of falling away, tries to restore the authority of the fundamental principles of his fnilh. and represents llie evils which are crowding on his people as the punishment for disobedience. He has quite clearly in his miml a definite falling away from Jewish ordinances, ' they have deserted the ordinances which the Lord had covenanted between them and him.' The.se ordinances par- ticularly which I hey had net'lectcd were probably the ones on which stress is laid — the sabbath, the feasts, circumcisiim, avoiding fornication (i.>:. mixed marriages). It may be suggested that 'they 'are really the Christians, and that the book is written by a fervent oppmunt of the new faith Iwtween the years A.D. 50 and tjO, when di.sorder is begin-
ning to break out, and the effect of the people'* falling awaj' is, as he thinks, apparent.
In any case, the book is of great value in illus- trating, partly by resemblance, partly by contrast, the New Testament. We have an example of the ' Law given by angels.' The theology of the book is exactly what St. Paul protests against when he condemns 'days and months anu seasons and yeai ■^.' There is a curious resemblance to three out iif the four points insisted upon in Ac 15, and it 11 .ly be noted, as perhaps helping to throw some light on that passage, that fornication is used of 'mixed marriages.'
LlTKRATCRE. — (a) The Ethicpie Uxt. — Dillmann, Kiel, 1859 : ft newer edition by Charles based on a larL'er numtx^r of MSS, Oxford, 1895. (6) Latin t**a;(.— Ceriani in Monum^Tita sacra et prn/atia, torn. i. fasc. 1 (1864) ; Ronscti, Das Buch der Jubilden, Leipzig, 1874. (c) Traiistations. — German, by Dillmann in KwaUl's Jahrbiicher, ii., iii., 1850, 1851, and by Liltniann in Kautzach's Apitcryphen und F^exidepigraphen, 1899 ; Ent,'lish, Schoddc, Book of jMbilra, Oberlin, Ohio, 1888, and by Charles in Ji^li, Oftolier 1S93, July lbil4, January 1895. (d) Treatisu. — Schurer, UJP 11. iii. 134 ff. ; W. Singer, Das Buck der Jubilatn, 1898 : Ronach, op. cit., and the literature there referred to.
A. C. Headlam. JUCAL.— See Jehucal.
JUDJEA ('louSafa) was the most southern of the three districts — Galilee, Samaria, and Juda?a^ into which Palestine west of Jordan was diWded in the time of Christ (Mt 2^, Lk 2^, Jn 4»- ^- ■"■ '■*, Ac 81 9''). In several passages (Mt 4^, Mk 1" 3', Lk 5", Jn 3^, Ac 1*) Judiea is distinguished from its capital, Jerusalem, which, according to the Talmuds (Xeubauer, G(og. du Talmud, p. 56), formed a division by itself (cf. Neh 11').
After the Captivity the tribal possessions of Judah, Benjamin, Dan, and Simeon were re- occupied by Israelites. Most of the ' children of tlie captivity ' who returned from Babylon belonged to the tribe of Judah, and the limits of the reoccupied district were almost the same as those of the old kingdom of Judah. Thence the district was called Judah, and the people received the name of Jews (Jos. Ant. XI. v. 7). Afterwards the two names were used in a wider sense. All Israelites were called Jews, and Judtea, or ' the land of Judah,' sometimes stood for the three dis- tricts of Western Palestine (Lk 4«[?]* 23», Ac 10" 26'* Seeart. CHRONOLOGY OF NT, vol. i. p. 406"^). Under the Persians, Judah was a district (OT 'province,' .i}"?) of the 5th satrapy of the Empire (Herod, iii. 91), atlministered by a governor (nn;) who was generally, at least, a Jew, and was apparently assisted by a council of Jewish ciders. Tlie governor and elders dwelt at Jerusalem, the seat of government (Hag 1> x^", Ezr5'-8,t Neh U'). The name Judiea first occurs in To I", where it is applied to the old kingdom of Judah. The later Judiea (1 Mac 3" 10", 2 Mac V), or 'land of Judah' (1 Mac K)*'- »■ «, cf. Is 19"), extended from Samaria on the north to the desert of Arabia Petra-a on the south, and from the Mediterranean on the west to the Jordan Valley on the east. Its limits, which varied at diU'erciit periods, cannot be more clearly ilefiued. In the I time of Judas Maccalxcus, Hebron was in the hands of the Edomites (1 Mac 5") ; and in the I time of his brother Jouathau, three noines, or 1 toparehies of Samaria — Apluerema, Lydda, and Ktimathaim — were added to Judiea (1 Slac It)*'- " 11"). According to Jo.sephus [JiJ UI. iii. 5), Juda'ii extended from Anuath - Borkeos (Aina- Jiirkil) on the north to lardas, a village on the confines of Arabia (perhaps Tell 'ArdU) on the
* Ttie reading 'Iwi^imt Instead of rmXtiMmi Is accepted bj WII (text) on the authority of HUCL. etc, (m« ' Note* on Seleol Uva<lin^,' ad toe.).
I III Kir M AV readi 'JudM,' BV oorrectljr 'Judah.' Se< art. JiwKT.
792 JUD^A, THE WILDERXESS OF
JUDAH
M>ut1i, and from .loppa to the Jordan. The sea- coast a-s far as I'toluniais (Arrc), and the coast towns, with the possible exception of Ca-sarea, ftlso belonged to it. The country was divided into foparthies — a division recognized by I'liny (//iV V. 14), thoU''h his list does not completely agree with that of Josephus. There is some authority for the view that certain districts ea.st of Jordan were included in Juda-a. Strabo describes Judaja as being 'situated above I'hu^nicia, in the interior between Gaza and Antilibanus, and ex- tending to the Arabians' (XVI. ii. 21). Tacitus (Hist. V. 6) says the borders of Judwa on the east were formed by Arabia. Jo8ephus(.^?i<. xil. iv. 11) countenances an extension beyond .Ionian, and so does the NT in Mt 19' ('the borders of Judaea beyond Jordan '). In Mk 10', where AV (follow- ing TR) reads ' the coasts of Juda'a by the further side of Jordan,' KV (following WH, etc.) has the ' borders of Juda-a and beyond Jordan.' In the time of Ptolemy (V. xvi. 9) some places east of Jordan belongecf to Juda;a. I'ossiblythe boundary included the vallev, and the slopes of the hills east of Jordan. 'The Talniudists allude to the 'mountain,' or 'king's mountain,' the ShcphHah, or ' low hills,' and Daroma, or ' the south,' as different portions of Judica. Daroma was divided into Upper and Lower (Neubauer, p. 62).