i tits is much the same ag ἡ κάτω ‘Acie (Paousan. 1. iv. 6; Irenwus, ap. Euseb. HE vy. xx. 5), t.¢. lower Asin as distinguished from upper Asia (compare ἡ ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου ‘Aria, Cis-Tauran Asia, as distinguished from Trans-Tauran, a common phrase);
| but such expressions imply one part taken out of the whole.
t See Marquardt, Rim. Privatalt. p. 27; Borghes!, Qiueres, iii. p. 608 ff. ; Orelli-Henzen, No, 6252; Examples in Asia Minor, Sterrett, Wolfe Exped. No. 419 (where read wen. or dat, not accus.); Ramsay, Amer, Journ, Arch, 183s, p. 253
178 LYE
in his allusions to individuals, uses the formal per- sonal name (possibly either Euodias or Syntyche, Ph 45), just as he speaks of Silvanus (whom Luke calls Silas), and once of Prisca (Ro 16%, though he elsewhere, like Luke, employs the familiar diminu- tive Priscilla; see Ramsay, Church in Rom. Emp. », 151 f.).
: The wealth, the ancient renown, and the high civilization of Lydia (including the central Ionian cities), gave it a specially important influence on the development of Christianity during the first three centuries. The evangelization of Lydia dates from the long residence of St. Paul at Ephesus, Ac 19", The apostle had aimed at evangelizing Asia on his second journey, but was forbidden to preach the word there. Accordingly, he did not touch Lydian soil till he landed at Ephesus while going back to Jerusalem from his second journey (Ac 18%), when he made a promise to return shortly. On this subject see the special articles PERGAMUS, SMYRNA, EPHESUS, SARDIS, THYATIRA, PHILADELPHIA. W. M. Ramsay.
LYE (Jer 2" RV).—See NITRE. LYING.—See 11Ὲ.
LYSANIAS.—The L. mentioned in Lk 81 as being tetrarch of Abilene at the beginning of John the Baptist’s ministry is not expressly mentioned else- where. Jos. (Ant. XV. iv. 1, and BJ 1. xiii. 1) relates that Lysanias succeeded to the government on the death of his father Ptolemy, the son of Menneus, and was killed by Antony at the in- stigation of Cleopatra, on the charge of being in league with the Parthians. This was about B.c. 34. In A.D. 42 (Jos. BJ U. xi. 5) the emperor
Claudius bestowed on Agrippa, besides the terri- tories given by Augustus to
erod, another king- dom, called that of L. (see also BJ π. xii. 8). In Ant. XIx. v. 1, Abila of Lysanias is said to have been given by Claudius to Agrippa, and in Ant. XX. vil. 1 occur the words ᾿Αβίλᾳ, Avoavla δὲ αὕτη γεγόνει τετραρχίαᾳ. St. Luke has been accused of inaccuracy in stating that the victim of Antony was tetrarch of Abilene some sixty years after his death. The facts may, however, be set forth as follows:—On the murder of L. the son of Ptolemy, his ‘house’ (Ant. Xv. x. 1), was farmed by Zenodorus, and after the latter’s death was given by Augustus to Herod (Ant. Xv. x. 3) B.C. 23. Abila is not mentioned among the districts that passed to the latter, and is, in fact, expressly distinguished from the possessions of Herod (Ant. ΧΙΧ. v. 1). It may well be that Augustus gave this town, with its neighbouring district Abilene, to Lysanias, a descendant of the former possessor. He is known to have acted in a similar way, in at least one instance, when Jamblichus was restored to his father’s dominion of Emesa in Parthia, the latter having been killed by Antony. Abila was afterwards called A. of L., and was given by the emperor Claudius to Herod Agrippal. The title A. of L. seems to point to a restoration of a part of the kingdom of L. to a namesake (probably a descendant) of the original ruler under the name of tetrarch. In defence of this view it may be noticed that the original L. only reigned about five years, scarcely long enough for his name to attach to the district in perpetuity. Again, a medal was found by Pococke in the 17th cent., alluding toa L., both tetrarch and high priest, who could not have been identical with the king. Two inscriptions, also, of the time of Tiberius prove that there was a tetrarch L., a freedman of whom executed some work to which one inscription refers, while the other implies from the mention of L.’s sons that the tetrarch was a descendant of the king. L.
LYSTRA
was, no doubt, a family name attached to the dis- trict of Abilene. The L. mentioned in Lk 3! was robably a descendant, possibly a son of the L. killed Antony, and may have been identical with, or the father of, the L. in the time of Claudius.
Literature.—Godet on Lk 81] ; S. Davidson, Introd. to NT, i. 214-220; Schiirer, HJP 1 ii. , and literature there referred to. C. H. PRICHARD.
LYSIAS (Avolas).—4. A Syrian general. After the victory of Judas Maccabeus at Bethhoron (B.C. 166), Antiochus Epiphanes, in departing for Persia, appointed ‘ Lysias, an honourable man, and one of the seed royal, to be over the affairs of the king from the river Euphrates unto the borders of Egypt, and to bring up his son Antiochus until he came again’ (1 Mac 3*).* His orders were to carry on a war of extermination against the Jews (v.%), In fulfilment of this commission, Lysias assembled a great army, which was placed under the command of three generals, Ptolemy, Nicanor, and Gorgias. Gorgias (or, according to 2 Mac 8%", Nicanor) was defeated by Judas at Emmaus (1 Mac 41s) and Lysias himself sustained a crushing defeat the following year (B.C. 165) at Bethsura (v.44, Jos. Ant. XII. vii. 5). Upon the death of Epiphanes (B.c. 164) Lysias as regent-guardian of the youthful Antiochus Eupator (wh. see) prose- cuted the war against the Jews, captured Bethsura, and was besieging Jerusalem, when he had to turn his attention to a rival in the person of Philip, another of the generals of Epiphanes, to whom the latter, before his death, had transferred the care of his son (1 Mac 6145). Although he defeated Philip (1 Mac 6®), he was unable to maintain the cause of the youthful king against another claimant to the throne, a nephew of Epiphanes, who after- wards reigned under the title of Demetrius Soter (wh. see). Both Lysias and Eupator, having fallen into the hands of the latter (B.c. 162), were by his orders put to death (1 Mae 7*4, 2 Mac 14?, Jos. Ant. XII. x. 1).