art of Lycaonia, was at some uncertain date (per- bane about B.C. 164, see GALATIA, vol. ii. p. 83; Stud. Bibl. iv. p. 46 ff.) transferred to Galatia as one of the twelve tetrarchies into which that state was divided (Pliny, Nat. Hist. v. 95); this district contained fourteen cities, of which Iconium was politically the capital (though ethnographically and in the feeling of its inhabitants it was a Phrygian city).* The fact that Iconium was the
*To the authorities quoted under Iconium add the words
in Vita S. Artemii (ascribed to Joan. Damasc.), διελθὼν τοίνυν ἁπᾶσαν τὴν Φρυγίαν, καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἰσχάτην αὐτῆς πόλιν TO καλούμενον
LYCAONIA LYCAONIA 175 last city of Phrygia towards Lycaonia (Xen. Anab. | this (Corp. Inscr. Lat. iii. 2709, 2818). In A.D. 37
i. 2. 19), and that the frontier must have been in the hill-ridge fringing the vale of Lystra on the north, ἜΘΟΣ a fixed poling in earlier time; but politic and in the estimation of external nations [conium regularly, and even Laodicea Combusta, and sometimes ‘l'yriaion, were reckoned to Lycaonia. The hilly country west of Iconium was added to Lycaonia when it was constituted a province of the Empire in A.D. 372; but previ- ously that country was Pisidian. The southern boundary ran through the hilly country between Lystra and Isaura (Zengibar Kalessi) and south of Laranda (Karaman). On the east the limit passed near the lake Ak Gél, west of Kybistra (Eregli), and touched Karadja Dagh, thus making Hyde (Kara Bunar, probably) the frontier city of Lycaonia towards Cappadocia on the east and the enlarged Galatia on the north.*
Tyeaonts was hae of the great Seleucid Empire until B.c. 190. Thereafter it was assigned to the Pergamenian kingdom (Livy, xxxvii.); it was so remote that there is little probability that the sovereignty could ever have been made a reality.t The northern part was probably seized by the Gauls. The southern part, after being probably disputed between native and Galatian chiefs, was given by Aquillius to Cappadocia in 129, temporarily overrun by Pontus in 74, and finally set free by Pompey’s victories over Mithridates. At the settlement of the East by Pompey in 64, Lycaonia seems to have been divided into three parts: the north was added to Galatia(Ptol. v. 4,10); the south- east to Cappadocia, forming an eleventh strategia of that country ;+ the west was attached to the Roman Murpite, and administered by the governor of Cilicia. —The Romans evidently retained a right of way through eastern Lycaonia, for the only pes road for an army between Iconium the
yeaonian capital and Tarsus the Cilician metro-
olis passed across it by Kybistra and the Cilician
xates ; and Cicero’s movements during his governor- ship of Cilicia show that he could go back and forward at will, and yet that ot ino was part of Seapets Thus Cicero was brought into close and friendly relations with the Cappadosian royal family, which was practically dependent on Rome, and half subject to it.
The eastern part of Lycaonia long continued subject, at least in name, to the weak Cappadocian rule; but Antipater of Derbe, a friend of Cicero, pole by the troubles of the Civil Wars to make
imself an independent chief; and Laranda also was perhaps subject to him (see DERBE). Antony gave the western pee (certainly including Lystra and Iconium)§ to king Polemon in B.c. 39; but in 36 it was transferred to Amyntas, king of Pisidia, who also received all Galatia proper. Amyntas conquered also Derbe and Laranda, which then
were incorporated in the Roman Empire, when Amyntas’ kingdom was made into the province Galatia in B.c. 25. Roman soldiers from Laranda
were serving in the seventh legion not long after
"Ixériey καταντήσας. The other thirteen cities of the Tetrarchy were Savatra or Soatra, and the towns on the west side of Lake Tatta, probably Laodicea and Lystra, but not Derbe (which was in the eleventh Strategia, attached to Cappadocia; see below and Strab. p. 569).
* Pliny, Nat. Hist. v. ... Hyde in
t πονηροῖς Pisidian Antioch was free (see ANTIOCH).
1 See Strabo, pp. 535, 637, 569; Ramsay Asia Min. pp. $36f., 310n., 869." It included Derbe (Strabo, p. 569), but certainly not Lystra.
Lycaonia is not formally mentioned in this transaction ; but
it is evidently summed up at this time under the general title of Cilicia, for Strabo, p. 568, mentions that Iconium was ruled by Polemon, while Polemon's ai Me is described simply as μέρος τί Κιλικίας ee Bell, Civ, v. 75, and it was owing to this connexion τ Iconium is several times called a city of Cilicia (see lcontum).
eastern Lycaonia was placed under Antiochus of Commagene along with most of Cilicia Tracheia, and acquired the name Lycaonia Antiochiana or (χώρα)᾽ Αντιοχιανή, which is applied toit by Ptolemy, v. 6. 17, in a Latin inscription, Corpus, x. 8660, and probably in a Greek inscription.* In 41 Claudius confirmed this arrangement. It is prob- able that Laranda was at this time reunited to eastern Lycaonia, for the policy of Antiochus (a far more active king than the Cappadocian monarchs) was carried out along lines of road tadiating from Laranda;+ and his coins reading ATKAONEC were certainly struck at an important city, and Laranda is the only important Lycaonian city that could be within his kingdom. Ptolemy, indeed, mentions even Derbe in Antiochiana; but the name Claudio-Derbe (like Claud-Iconium) proves that it was in the province under Claudius (A.D, 41-54), and Ptolemy has probably fallen into error owing to the fact that Derbe had been originally attached to the eastern or Cappadocian half of Lycaonia at the settlement of Pompey in B.C. 64.