Under Claudius and Nero, when St. Paul visited the churches of South Galatia, Lycaonia included the two parts, the Roman and the Antiochian. The former contained two cities, Lystra and Derbe, and a number of villages and small towns, chiefly towards the north-east, and it is correctly de- scribed (Ac 14°) as ‘the cities of Lycaonia, Lystra and Derbe, and the region round about’; in other words, the apostles, when driven out of Iconium, crossed the frontier of Phrygia into Roman Lyca- onia. Moreover, the regions of which the vast province Galatia was composed (see vol. ii. p. 87) were called χῶραι, ‘ Territories’; and, as we have seen, the part of Lycaonia not governed by the Romans was called the Antiochian Territory, or Lycaonia Antiochiana.t In distinction therefrom the Roman part would naturally be called by an adjective derived from the provincial name (for a country became part of the Roman Empire in virtue of being included in a province), i.e. it would be styled either the Galatie Territory (Ac 1853) or Lycaonia Galatica, a name which does not occur, but is proved by the similar names Galatic Pontus (as distinguished from Polemoniac Pontus, ruled by king Polemon) and Galatic Phrygia (as distinguished from Asian Phrygia in the province Asia). In place of the bare title Λυκαονίαν τὴν Γαλατικήν, the more descriptive and complete appellation ras πόλεις τῆς Λυκαονίας, Avorpay καὶ Δέρβην, καὶ τὴν περίχωρον is used in Ac 14°; and this is practically equivalent to τὴν Γαλατικὴν χώραν τῆς Λυκαονίας, ἔχουσαν τὰς πόλεις Λύστραν καὶ Δέρβην καὶ περικειμένας κώμας. In Ac 16! this Territory is not formally named, but merely its two cities are men- tioned in succession. In Ac 18% the expression τὴν Γαλατικὴν χώραν καὶ Φρυγίαν is explained by Asterius§ (bishop οἵ Amaseia in Pontus in A.D. 401) as τὴν Λυκαονίαν καὶ ras τῆς Φρυγίας πόλεις.
Both parts οὗ Lycaonia were included in the united province of Cappadocia-Galatia under the Flavian emperors. When they were again divided about 106 by Trajan, it is probable that eastern Lycaonia continued to be connected with Cappa- docia. But about A.D. 137 a new province was formed, commonly called the Triple Eparchy, con-
* Friinkel, Jnschriften Pergam, ii. 451, about A.p, 90, Φρυγίας [Λυκαονίας ᾿Αντι]οχίας, where Friinkel wrongly restores (Thevdiae "᾿Αντι]οχίας, understanding that the district round Pisidian Antioch was under a special administration. But that was not so, and Antioch is included in the preceding term @pvyée«. "Αντιοχίας is here equivalent to ᾿Αντιοχίανες (χώραι).
1 On his foundations see Ramsay in Kerue Numismat, 1804
. 169 ff. ᾿ t Lycaonia ipsa in Pliny, Nat, Hist. ν. 96.
§ Homit. viii. (Migne, Patrol. Gr. tom. xl.
176 LYCIA
mT
LYDIA
sisting of Cilicia, Lycaonia, and Isauria. The οὗ Lycia were united in an association called ra
Lycaonian cities were formed into a union called Κοινὸν Avxaovias, meeting in the worship of the Emperors: the cities composing it struck coins in the name of the Koinon. If Ptolemy is correct, neither Lystra nor Iconium was included in the Triple Eparchy, but both continued to be in Gal- atia; and, certainly, neither struck coins as member of the Koinon. Derbe, on the other hand, was a member of the Koinon and included in the bans Eparchy.
he name of the Lycaonians (Avxdoves) is not used in the Bible, but the adverb Λυκαονιστί, ‘in the speech of the Lycaonians,’ occurs in Ac 14” (see LystrA). While the villages and small towns probably retained the native language and manners of Lycaonia, the cities such as Tconium and Derbe were likely to have been Grecized between A.D. 334 and 190, and probably had a Seleucid tone in municipal law and customs (see Ramsay, Historical Comm. on Galatians, 1899).
A Jewish element was likely to spread in Lycaonia while it formed part of the Seleucid Empire (see LAODICEA) ; on the traces of it see GALATIA, vol. ii. p. 88, and Iconrum. A strong Christian influ- ence is perceptible in the epigraphy of Western and Northern Lycaonia (v. ibidem).
Another people called the Inner Lycaones (Avx- doves πρὸς ἔνδον), who lived in Phrygia, must be distinguished. It was probably this Phrygian People to whom Bartholomew went as an apostle.
heir country was probably Cutchuk Sitchanli Ova, north from Sandykli Ova. Their history is treated in Cities and Bishops of Phrygia, pt. ii. pp- 664, 693 ff.
LiTERATURE.—Lycaonia is treated by Ramsay, Hist. Geog. of Asia Minor, pp. 330-346, 350, 355, 357-360 (in that work, sect. 17 on Castabala should be deleted; there was no Castabala north of Taurus), and better in Hist. Com. on Galatians. Many Lycaonian inscriptions are given by Sterrett (who dis- covered Lystra, and approximately located Derbe) in his Wolfe Expedition to Asia Minor. See the irable Hamilton and other travellers. W. M. RAMSAY.
LYCIA (Λυκία) was the country that occupied the south-eastern part of Asia Minor. Though it is a land that presents great interest, as regards antiquities, and history, and physical features, yet it is of singularly little importance in the story of early Christianity.
The country consists to a great extent of lofty mountain masses, rising in many parts, especially in the eastern half, almost direct from the sea- shore. But in the fertile valleys of the Xanthos and other smaller streams, which break the mountains, or at their mouths, were situated many great cities, such as Patara, Ac 211 (a famous seat of the worship of Apollo), and Myra of Lycia, Ac 27°* (whose important harbour was a common starting-point or finish of the run across sea be- tween Alexandria and the Asia Minor coast). The number of separate glens, by which Lycia is broken up, prevented it from ever becoming a powerful country. It derived its unity only from foreign conquest. It was ruled by the Persians, and con- quered by Alexander the Great; it formed part of the Seleucid Empire, and was disputed between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic kings; it was taken from Antiochus the Great by the Romans in B.c. 188 and given at first to Rhodes, but soon after- wards in 168 it was set free, and for many years it was very prosperous. It is mentioned as one of the self-governing states to which the Romans sent letters in favour of the Jews in B.c. 138-7, 1 Mac 15% (see CARIA, DELOS). This implies that there were Jewish residents; and the ships carrying pilgrims to and from Jerusalem would touch at Lycian harbours. The numerous cities