MALLUCH (m$>).—1. A Merarite, ancestor of Ethan, 1 Ch 6* (Heb.*), LXX Maddy. 2. One of the sons of Bani who had married a foreign wife, Ezr 10” (B ᾿Αλούμ, A Μαλούχ), called in 1 Es 9 Mamuchus. 3. One of the sons of Harim who had married a foreign wife, Ezr 1053 (LX.X Μαλούχ). 4. 5. Two of those who sealed the covenant, Neh 10* 7 (LXX Μαλούχ). No. 4 is probably identical with Malluch of Neh 12%, called in 12 Malluchi.
MALLUCHI (‘m$> Kethtbh; a Keré, followed by AV Melicu; LXX Μαλούχ; Vulg. Milicho).—
ne e at Gv of a priestly family who returned with Zerubbabel, Neh 12%, ΠΈΣΗ the same as Malluch of Neh 10* 12%,
MALLUS (MaAXés, 2 Mac 453) rebelled (along with Tarsus) against Antiochus Epiphanes about B.C. 171. According to Heberdey, the latest explorer, the city was situated on the river Pyramos, about 150 stadia from its mouth : at the mouth was situated Magarsa (called Antiocheia in the 3rd and 2nd cents. B.C.). The Pyramos had two mouths in ancient time, of which the principal joined the sea a little to the west of the modern village called Kara-Tash, in which many inscriptions both of Antiocheia and of Mallus have been found; but this branch is now almost com.
294 MALOBATHRON pletely dried up. Kara-Tash is situated on a low range of hills along the coast between the Pyramos arms: the eastern arm is rapidly filling up the bay of Ayash (into which it flows): in ancient times this branch was quite secondary. According to Hebesneys the site of Mallus was between the fork of the two branches, as coins show the goddess of the city sitting between two river-gods ; but the marshy nature of the soil prevents exploration at that point.
The serious difficulties in this theory are—(1) Strabo, our best authority, says that Mallus was situated on a height (p. 675), not in a low marsh ; (2) the Stadiasmus implies that Mallus was not 150 stadia up the river, but close to the sea 150 stadia east of Antioch-Magarsa; (3) the presence of so many inscriptions of Mallusat Kara-Tash. Perhaps the correct view is that Mallus was beside Kara- Tash, east of the Pyramos, while Magarsa was west of the river, and the distance stated in the Stadias- mus is over-estimated like many others. Thus, when Mallus was beside Kara-Tash (probably on its eastern side), while Magarsa lay to the west, in- scriptions from both cities should be brought to the modern village : the old bed of the Pyramos, being dry in modern times, would not prevent transport.
Malus (originally Marlos) was an ancient and wealthy city, with a rich coinage. Magarsa was a comparatively unimportant place, which struck no coins; and probably it was subject to Mallus, serving as its harbour from being closer to the river.
W. M. Ramsay.
MALOBATHRON (RVm for EV text Bether, apa 17 Ca 217; AVm ‘division’; LXX ὄρη κοιλω- μάτων; Theod, θυμιαμάτων; Aquila and Symm. Βαθήρ, BacO%jp).—The leaf of the Cassia lignea tree, Cinna- momum Cassia, Blume (Laurus malabathrum, L.), known in the old Materia Medica as tamalapatra or ‘Indian leaf,’ a lofty tree cultivated in China and Java. Its leaves are 10 in. or more long, and 6 to 8 broad. It was formerly used as a stomachic, sudorific, and a remedy for headache, and as an in- gredient of mithredate and theriaca. A macerate in oil, and a vinous tincture, were used by the ancients as a perfume. Notwithstanding the authority of Wellhausen (Prol.? 415), it is certain that this spice did not grow wild on any of the mountains of Pal., and therefore no mountains in this land would have been likely to have derived their name from it. Even had it been cultivated
in the botanical gardens of Solomon, it is improb- able that any mountain, much less ‘mountains,’ would have taken their name from this cireum-
stance. It seems better, therefore (although the rendering malobathronis adopted by Reuss, Baeth- gen, Budde, Siegfried, and nearly all modern com- mentators), to retain the proper name Bether (wh. see), as in text of both VSS. G. E. Post.
MALTANNEUS (B Μαλτανναῖος, A ᾿Αλτ-, AV Altaneus), 1 Es 98%.—A son of Asom or Hashum, one of those who agreed to put away their ‘strange’ wives. Called MATTENAI (πῇ, B Μαθανιά, A Μαθ- θαναί) in Ezr 1033,
MAMDAI (B Mapéal, A Mavd-, AV Mabdai), i Es 9*%,—The same as BENAIAH, Ezr 1035,
MAMMON (μαμωνᾶς [μαμμωνᾶς only in cursives] ; Vulg. mammona; Syr. mamuna; AV and ‘mammon’).—A common Aram. word for riches (Aram. 83102, rarely x}iox>), used in Mt 6% and Lk 169 1-18, in the latter case in the parable of the Unjust Steward. LXX translates πρὸς in Ps 378 by πλούτῳ, and possibly in Is 33° by θησαυροῖς ; it may have read a Heb. equivalent for ΝΡ in one or both passages. The spelling x;iox> suggests a derivation from jox ‘to be firm, steadfast,’ Hiph, ‘trust,’ hence ‘that which is trusted in’; but in
MAMRE
NT it has simply its Aramaic sense. According to Augustine (On the Sermon on the Mt. ii. 14, 47), ‘Lucrum Punice mammon dicitur.’ poo oceurs in Sir 318, spy3 ‘> “τη. of falsehood’ often in Targg., eg. 15 8,28 14%, Hos δ᾽}, Am 5!%, Is 33"; also yyy? ‘> “πὶ. of wickedness’ in Hab 2°, The phrase ‘mammon of unrighteousness’ occurs in the Book of Enoch (lxiii. 10), probably a post - Christian reference to the NT passages. Mammon is per- sonified in Lk 918, but there is no reason to suppose that there was a Syrian deity Mammon in NT times. Such an idea owes its currency to Milton. Ges. (Thes.) derives from Heb. matmon, ‘ treasure,’ and jo» ‘to hide’ ; but no example of the assimila- tion of Teth (12) is cited. Lagarde thinks poo is by elision for poyo, which would be the Aram. eee of the Arabic madmun, ‘contents,’ e.g. of 8 ok.