LITERATURE.—Plummer (International Crit. Comm.) on Lk 169-13; Thayer-Grimm, 8.0. ; Brockelmann, Syriac Lez., 8.v.; Lagarde, Uebersicht, p. 185, Mitteil. i. 229; Arnold Meyer, Jests Muttersprache, p. 51 n.; Jastrow, Dict. of the Tg9., 8.0.
W. H. BENNETT.
MAMNITANEMUS (A Μαμνιτάναιμος, B Μαμτ-, AV Mamnitanaimus), 1 Es 9*,—Corresponds te the two names Mattaniah, Mattenai in Ezr 10°’, of which it is a corruption.
MAMRE (7122; Mayufpy).—Mentioned (a) in the expression ‘terebinths of Mamre’ ('p 5x) Gn 1318 (+ jana we ‘which is [or are] in Hebron’), 18! (both J), and 1413 (+ ~oxa ‘the Amorite’), from an independent source; (6) in P, in the expression ‘which is before Mamre,’ in descriptions of the cave of Machpelah, or of the field in which it was. Gn 2317-19 (4 nan sa that is} Hebron’) 25° 49% 6013, and in 35” ‘to Mamre, to Kiriath-arba, that is Hebron’; (c) in Gn 1453 as the name of one of Abram’s allies, in his expedition for the recovery of Lot. In (6) M.is an old name either of Hebron or of a part of Hebron; in Gn 14}8: 38 it is the name of a local sheikh or chief, the owner of the ‘ tere- binths’ called after him ; in Gn 1318 18! it is not clear whether it is the name of a person or of 8 place. The ‘terebinths of M.’ are the spot at which Abraham pitched his tent in Hebron.
The site of Mamre is uncertain. ‘ Before’ (13 Sy) in topographical descriptions generally, though not, it is true, universally, means to the east of. The traditional site of Abraham’s sepulchre is in the mosque at the S.E. of the modern city: so that Mamre would, in the first instance, be looked for to the W. of this, and at no great distance from it (for itis described as being ‘in’ Hebron). Sozomen (HE ii. 4) says that the oak by which Abraham dwelt still existed in the time of Constantine, 15 stadia N. of Hebron; and Jerome (Onom. 114. 17) says that it continued to be shown till the time of his youth. The site where this oak stood would agree with that of Rdmat el-Khalil (or, more briefly, er-Rdmeh), 13 mile N. of the mosque (see the plan of the environs in PEF Mem. iii., after p- 352); and a spot ὃ mile N. of this, with a fine spring-well, is still called by the Jews Beit el- Khalil, or ‘ Abraham’s House’ (Rob. BRP i. 216; Thomson, L. and Β., 5. Pal. 304-6, with view ; PEF Mem. iii. 316, 322f., also with view). For some time past, however, perhaps from the 12th cent., a large and beautiful oak (Sindidn), 14 mile W.N.W. of the mosque, has been shown as the oak of Abraham (Rob. ii. 72, 81; Thomson, /.c. 282 f., with illustration; PEF Mem. iii. 308; Biid. Pal.*173f.). Neither of these spots seemssufiiciently near to Hebron to be a probable site for Mamre. Dillm. thinks of the height, with accompanying spring, of Nimre, 1 mile N.N.W. of the mosque; but this also is more distant than would be ex- pected. Josephus (BJ τν. ix. 7) says that a very
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ancient terebinth was shown in his day only 6 stadia from the city; but he does not indicate in which direction it lay.
Sozomen adds some remarkable particulars re- specting the tree, which show that it was vener- ated asa sanctuary. He says that an annual fair and feast was had at it in the summer, which was largely attended by Jews, heathen, and Christians (cf., more briefly, the Onom. 114. 19f., 249. 29f.). There was also a well beside it; and the heathen visitors not only offered sacrifices beside the tree (§ 3), but illuminated the well with lamps, and cast into it libations of wine, cakes, coins, myrrh, and incense (ὃ 5; οἷ. HS 177, 193). These observances were suppressed by Constantine, as superstitious ; and a church was built there (S$ 6-8; Euseb. Vita Const. iii. 51-53; οἵ, SP 143).
S. R. DRIVER.
MAMUCHUS (Μάμουχος), 1 Es 9*°.—The same as MALuucg, Ezr 1039, The original LXX form was probably Md)\ouxos; AA would readily be cor- rupted into M.
MAN.—One of the peculiarities of the Hebrew language is the disinclination to form adjectives, or rather the love of placing substantives in such relation as in Western languages would be ex- pressed by a subst. and an adjective. Thus 1 Καὶ 20% AV and RV ‘merciful kings,’ Heb. 197 *s2= ‘kings of mercy.’ See Davidson, Heb. Syntax, p. 32 {f.; Gesenius-Kautzsch, Heb. Grammar (Eng. ed. by Collins and Cowley, 1898, p. 437 ff.). This form of expressing attributive ideas is especially common with the words ex ‘man,’ Sy3 ‘master,’ * owner,’ 73 ‘son,’ and their feminines.
With the first of these words, with which we have to do at present, the Eng. VSS deal variously. (1) Sometimes they ignore the Heb. idiom entirely : 15S 3113 and 2S 24° Heb. ‘man of might,’ AV and RV ‘valiant man’; 1 Καὶ 1“ Heb. ‘man of might,’ AV ‘valiant man,’ RV ‘worthy man’;1S 174 Heb. ‘man of the space between’ (o:33irv'x), AV and RV ‘champion’ (see CHAMPION); 1 K 20 Heb. (‘299 ex) ‘man of my ban,’ AV ‘man whom 1 appointed to utter destruction,’ RV ‘man whom I had devoted to destruction’; Pr 15'8 Heb. ‘ man of wrath,’ AV and RV ‘wrathful man.’ (2) Some- times the Heb. idiom is recognized in the margin: 25S 167-8 AV “ bloody man,’ AVm and RV ‘man of blood’ (cf. Ps 5°‘ The Lord will abhor the bloody and deceitful man,’ AVm ‘the man of bloods and deceit,’ RV ‘the blood-thirsty and deceitful man’); 1 K 2° ‘thou art worthy of death,’ AVm and RVm ‘thou art a man of death’; Is 40 ‘ his counseller,’ RY ‘his counsellor,, AVm ‘man of his counsel’; 2S 18” ‘Thou shalt not bear tidings,’ AVm ‘be a man of tidings,’ RV ‘be the bearer of tidings’; Ps 140" © An evil speaker,’ AVm and RVm ‘a man of tongue’; Ex 4° ‘Iam not eloquent,’ AVm and RVm ‘a man of words’; Job 113 ‘a man full of talk,’; AVm and RVm ‘a man of lips’; Job 228 ‘the mighty man,’ AVm and RVm ‘the man of arm’; Pr 3" ‘oppressor,’ AVm and RV ‘man of violence’; 18%‘ A man that hath friends,’ RV ‘He that maketh many friends,’ RVm ‘a man of friends.’ (3) Sometimes the Heb. idiom is pre- served in the Eng. text: Gn 6* ‘men of renown’; Pr 24° ‘a man of knowledge’; so frequently ‘man of Belial’ (for which see BELIAL).