From the preceding synopsis of passages, it will be apparent what extremely different terms in the original, esp. in OT, are represented by each of the three English words, ‘offer,’ ‘offering,’ and ‘oblation’; and that though the Heb. (and Greek) terms might, in particular cases, be interchange- able, in others they arenot. In Ly 9), for example, ‘offer’ could not be n3; or 077, nor ‘ oblation’ An3p or aaa: ‘offer’ in Dt 12”, though it is a»y, might also be adyn, but hardly (the writer not being p-iestly) apa, and ‘oblation’ in Is 1951] could not (for the same reason) be }29p. Conversely, ‘offer an oblation’ in Ezk 45! represents two Heb. words entirely different from those which it represents in Ly 15; and ‘ offer’ in Ly 7 is always 2p", in Nu 18 it isalways +t o7, while in Nu 28 it is avy and apn. The words in the original are in most cases techni- cal ; and the distinctions between them are of im- portance for those who would properly understand the sacrificial system of the Hebrews. The reader who desires to obtain a practical view of Hebrew or Greek usage is recommended to mark on the margin of his RV the Hebrew or Greek word corresponding in each case to the English. Unless any passages have been accidentally overlooked, the preceding article should enable him to do this for the words here concerned in all their occurrences, except those of 2 pa in the Pent., and of n3; and adyn out of it. S. R. DRIVER.
OFFICER.—A word used both in AV and in RV to translate some eight Heb. words in OT and two Gr. words in NT. The Heb. words, according to their derivation, represent five fami- lies—(1) nizzab, nézib, ‘one set up’; the former in 1 K 47 of Solomon’s commissariat officers, the latter in the same sense in 4" (as to its meaning in 1S 10° see Driver, ad loc.). (2) pakéd, pékuddah, pakid, ‘inspector.’ (3) rab, ‘great one.’ (4) shotér=(a) ‘arranger,’ (6) ‘scribe’ (see Dillmann on Ex 5%). (δ) saris, ‘eunuch.’ (The 'dsé hammé- lvkah of Est 9, AV, ‘officers,’ is in RV now rendered Bape that did the business’). ‘ Officer’ most frequently stands for shdtér and saris (LXX εὐνοῦχος, EV in Est always ‘chamberlain,’ but only
* In He 9%, 1 P 2% rendered ‘bear’; see in LXX Is 6811 (for Sap), v.12 (for xb).
t Except v.15 (apn; of. Lv 27%): om would not here be suitable.
OFFICER 583
once besides, 2 K 23"), and it seems very doubtful whether the meaning of the latter was ever widened into officer generally, Potiphar’s case being by most critics regarded as no exact exception.
It is noticeable that the idea of subordination which lies in the NT ὑπηρέτης (the original for ‘officer’ in all NT passages except Lk 12° πράκτωρ) does not show itself in the Heb, originals. It is noticeable also that ὑπηρέτης, the almost sole NT original, is never in the LXX employed to render any of the Heb. words given above, and, though occurring twenty times in NT, occurs but twice in the Gr. canonical OT (Pr 1435, Is 32°), and but twice in the uncanonical (Wis 6‘, Three“). It would seem that, apart from saris and perhaps occasional'y shoter (comp. Dt 16% with Mt 5” ‘judge... officer’), the Heb. words rendered ‘ officer’ suggest no distinctive function, whereas the NT ὑπηρέτης (which has lost all reminiscence of its original meaning of ‘under-oarsman ’—perhaps one of the lower two out of the three assigned to an oar) in some dozen passages out of the twenty means dis- tinctly bailiffs or police officers of the Recthiedran or other court of justice, in accordance with one use of the same word at Athens, where ὑπηρέται were the subordinates of those important police magis- trates called the Eleven (Plato, Phedo, 11633), and one use by Josephus (Anz. Iv. viii. 14), when, in his account of Moses’ judicial arrangements, he gives the same title to the two Levites who were at- tached as clerks to each Jewish court constituted out of the seven chief men of each city. An apparently synonymous term for these clerks, confined, as a translation of shétér, to Dt, is the curious and uncertain γραμματοεισαγωγεύς, perliaps (as Driver suggests) the title of some law officer at Alexandria.
The duties of ‘officers’ (shétérim) as described in OT were various: they made proclamations (Dt 20°: 8.9), they conveyed orders (Jos 11° 33) to the people in time of war; in 1 and 2 Ch we find them as subordinate officials, sometimes in a military (1 Ch 27), sometimes in a judicial capacity (1 Ch 234), and on one occasion superintending the repairs of the temple (2 Ch 3438), much as shotérim were also Pharaoh's ‘ taskmasters,’ superintending the labour of the Israelites (Ex 5° ete.). See Driver on Dt 115.
In NT, ὑπηρέτης, where it does not mean a servant generaty, (‘of Christ,’ 1 Co 44, Ac 26%; ‘of the word,’ Lk 13), or an assistant for a special purpose (Ac 13°, John Mark, possibly in the main is ἈΡ- tizing), or an attendant (Lk 4°, the attendant at the synagogue service; see MINISTER),* is most naturally explained in a sense similar to that of shotér in Dt 1618 (cf. Mt 555), though perhaps in a sense somewhat more confined, as a subordinate official in connexion with a court of justice, whose duty it was, as warder or sergeant, to carry into effect the decisions or maintain the dignity and authority of the judges. Thus the ὑπηρέται of the Sanhedrin were sent to arrest Jesus (Jn 7%), did finally seize Him in Gethsemane (Jn 18°), ‘received him with blows of their hands’ (Mk 14%), one ὑπηρέτης striking Him for His answer to the high priest (Jn 1853); and similar ὑπηρέται under com- mand of a captain of the temple police (στρατηγός, ef. Jos. Ant. XxX. vi. 2; Schiirer, HJP τι. i. 258) were commissioned to arrest Peter and John (Ac 4! δ᾽". 3), Probably, when Jesus said, ‘If my king dom were of this world, my ὑπηρέται would now be striving’ (Jn 18"), He drew His analogy from this temple usage. Luke’s πράκτωρ (1255), the avenger of the Tragedians (Asch. Zum. 319), the tax- gatherer of Demosthenes (778. 18), the exactor of