PATHEUS (Παθαῖος), 1 Es 9%, the same as PETHAHIAH the Levite, Ezr 10%.
PATHROS (oinne, LXX γῆ Παθουρῆς, B also Φαθωρῆς, Ezk 29% 30%, Vulg. Phatures, also Phethros) appears in the following passages :—Jer 441, the Jews fleeing before the Babylonians settled ‘in the land of Egypt, and at Migdol, and at Tahpanhes, and at Noph (i.e. Memphis, so far three cities of Lower Egypt), and in the country of Pathros,’ evidently a part of the land south of Memphis. V."5, all people that dwelt in the land of Egypt and] in ‘ Pathros’ answer Jeremiah’s accusation.
he ‘and’ is wanting in the Heb. and already in the text of the LXX, but it has evidently been omitted by mistake, and must be inserted after the analogy of the first verse. Pathros denotes, not a part of (Lower) Egypt or Mizraim, but a region
arallel to it. Is 11! ‘the remainder of Israel will brought home from Assyria, and from Egypt, and from Pathros (LXX strangely ‘ Babylonia’), and Ethiopia (Cush), and Elam,’ete. Ezk 30", we find again, in the prophecy ear Egypt, this country parallel to Pathros (the following cities are not arranged in any geographic order).
We see, consequently, that the prophets did not use Mizraim in the old sense ‘Egypt,’ but in a limited sense, distinguishing between Mizraim, Ἐεγρὺ proper, i.e. Lower Berger the Delta of the Nile, and Pathros or Upper sypt (this definition was correctly perceived already by S. Bochart in his book Phaleg). Pathros denotes, therefore, the same thing as the Thebais of the Greeks, the country beginning a few miles S. of Memphis, at a place called Acanthus by the Greeks and extend- ing to Syene on the first cataract. The name is of good Egyp. formation: P-to-rés, ‘the southern (r/s) country,’ an etymology given correctly already by Quatremtre. Other etymologies have not main- tained themselves; ¢.g. the comparison with the Pathyrite (νόμος pe gol of the Greeks, a small county or nomos of per Egypt, which was ve tempting for former scholars (G. Ebers in 1867), is inadmissible. (It would be in Heb. letters [Ὁ] nnn» Pe-hathor-(res) or something similar). The Assyr. king Esarhaddon calls himself in a cuneiform inscription ‘ king of the kings of Egyrt (Muzur), of Paturisi and Ethiopia’ (Aust, i.e. Cush of the Heb- rews). Possibly the Heb. word should be read onnp Pathoris, in accordance with this testimony, the versions, and the Egyp. etymology.
The reason why the prophets drew this line of distinction between Egypt proper and the ‘Southern country’ was their old political division, renewed about 800 B.c. At that time the Eth.
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king of Napata extended his power beyond the (SE espe =e ae Thebes. About 770 B.c. the Ethiopian P(i)'ankhi (Piankhi) possessed Upper Egypt down to Hermopolis. The rest of fon was split up into ten small kingdoms pel independent of the legal Pharaoh, Shoshenk rv. Of these petty kings residing in Sais, Bubastis, Hermopolis, etc., Tefnakht of Sais finally gained the supremacy. He failed to subject Middle Feyet owing to the interference of the Ethiopians. Tetnakht’s defeat and nominal subjection under P(i)‘ankhi’s sovereignty did not prevent him and his successor Bocchoris (Egyptian Bok-en-renef, the famous founder of the Egyptian code of laws) from gaining finally all Lower and Middle Egypt. In 728 the Eth. Shabako, interfering again, defeated Bocchoris, burned him alive, and united Egypt under his rule. But the political division of Pathros under administration of the Eth. kings and of Mizraim under native rulers, which had lasted for some 70 years, was kept in memory by the Hebrews during the 7th cent. and even by Ezekiel (572 B.c.)
Ezk 29" (after Egypt has been desolate for 40 yous and its inhabitants exiled), ‘I will bring
ck the cee Eeyet, and will cause them to return into (LXX, ‘will cause them to dwell in,’ perhaps better) the land of Pathros, into the land of their birth, and they shall be there a base king- dom.’ It is very remarkable to find in Ezekiel a knowledge of the correct Egyp. tradition concern- ing the priority of the Southern country over the North. The earliest known dynasties of kings resided in Memphis on the border of Upper and Lower Egypt, but the first historical king, Menes, came from This (Thinis) near Abydos in Upper Egypt. Therefore the inscriptions always place the South as the aboriginal country before the North. The issue of that prophecy is not quiteclear. The downfall of Egypt’s power and the loss of her in- dependence for ever in 525 B.C., brought about by Cambyses, are a clear fulfilment. But we do not know of an independent Egyp. kingdom limited to Upper Egypt, except about 200 B.c., when the Egyp- tians, rebelling against the Greek kings (Ptolemy IV. and V.), held their own in the Thebaid for about 20 years. Ezekiel’s words apparently require some less literal interpretation, which we cannot well Εἰς in our foe state of knowledge. From ’athros the branch of the Egyptians came, called Pathrusim (Gn 10%, LXX οἱ Πατροσωνιείμ).
W. MAX MULLER.
PATMOS (Πάτμοτ). --- This island is once men- tioned in the Bible, Rev 1° ‘I John... was in the isle that is called Patmos, for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ.’ Patmos lies off the coast of Asia Minor, in 37° 20’ N. Lat. and 26° 35’ E. Long., and on the map has roughly the shape of a horse’s head and neck, the nose