Lrreraturs.—A. Tre Tres, etc.—O. Schéttgen, Hore Heb- raice et Talmudice in NT (1733); E. Schiirer, Geach. d. jid. Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi’ (tr. trom 2nd ed. : Jewish People in Vine of Jesus Christ, 6 vols.), the most complete introd. to the Times; A. Hausrath, NJ’ Zeitgeschichte2 (Time of the A lea, tr. from 2nd ed. of the above), brilliantly written; ἮΝ. M. Ramsay, The Ch. in the Rom. Empire’, indis-
nsable for local and social conditions of Paul’s work; K. J.
eumann, Der rém. Staat u. ἃ. allgem. Kirche, Band i; Mommsen, The Provinces of the Rom. Emp. (tr.); H. Ewald, Hist. of the People of Israel (tr.), vol. vi. ; f Weber, Jiidische Theologie auf Grund ἃ. Talmud, etc. ; L. Friedlinder, Darstel- lung aus d. Sittengesch. Roms ; G. Anrich, Das Mysterienwesen ἃ. antiken Welt; G. W. Lechler, Das apost. u. nachapost. Zeit- alter’ (tr.); Neander, Planting and Training of the Chr. Church (tr.); J. J. 1. von Déllinger, Heidenthum αἰ. Juden- thum (tr., Gentile and Jew, etc.), Christenthum u. Kirche in d. Zeiten ἃ. Grundlegung (tr., First Age of Christianity and the Church); W. L. Steinmeyer, Der Ap. Paulus u. d. Juden- thum; A. Harnack, Dogmengeschichte: Prolegomena und Vor- aussetzungen (tr.), in Band i.
B. Istropuctrion.—Of general NT Introductions, G. Salmon’s7 (conservative), 8. Davidson's’ (largely negative, and in some
ints superseded, but full of matter ably handled), and B.
Yeiss’ Manual of Intr. to NT (tr.), are most serviceable for Paul. H. J. Holtzmann’s$, Th. Zahn’s (rich in learning, power- fully defensive), and A. Jiilicher’s Kinleitungen (the fi it brief and readable) present the latest findings of German criticism. F. Bleek’s Einleitung is re-edited by W. Mangold 4 (1886: the
PAUL THE APOSTLE
Eng. tr. from the orig. work). E. Reuss’ Hist. of the Sacred Ser. of the NT® (tr. 1584) is valuable in the relevant sections, also Ὁ. A. Briggs’ Study of Holy Ser.2_ Add to these the artt. on ‘Paul’ in Bneyel. Brit. (Εἰ Hatch), Herzog’s Real-Encykl. (W. Schmidt), Eneycd. d. Sciences Relig. (A. Sabatier), Riehm’s H WB ΟΥ. Beyschlag). F. Godet ἘΠΕ an Introd. particuliére (Les Epp. de St. P.), tome i. of his Introd. au NT (tr.); also P. J. Gloag, Introd. to the Paul. Epp. ; G. G. Findlay, Epp. of the Ap. Paul: a Sketch of their Origin and Contents,
C. Curonovogy.—Eusebius’ Chronicle ; Baus Ordo tem porum ; E. Burton, Chronology of St. Paul’s Epp.; Anger, de temporum in Actilus ratione; Wurm, in Τ δ. Zeitechr., 1 i.; Ὁ. Wieseler, Chronol. d. ap. Zeitalters (tr.); T. Lewin, Fastt Sacri; Laurent, ΔΤ Studien; W. M. Ramsay in St. Paul the Traveller, etc. ; O. Clemen, Die Chronol, ἃ. paul. Briefe, A. Harnack, Chronol. d. altchr. Litteratur, 1“r Band, p. 233 ff. (Chronol. d. Paulus).
D. Tue Text.—Besides the crit. edd. of the Gr. Test.—b: Tischendorf, Tregelles, Baljon, Nestle, and bax Westcott an Hort (ed. major)—B. Weiss’ Textkritik ἃ. paul. Briefe (1896) is noteworthy.
ΚΕ. TRANSLATIONS of special value.—Besides the standard versions, the Interpretatio of Th. Beza, and (recently) B. Weiss’ Die paul. Briefe im berichtigten Text, and the Epp. in O. Weizsicker’s Das neue Test. tibersetzt; also those of O. J. Ellicott, J. A. Beet, and H. C. G. Moule, in their Commentaries, and of the Handcommentar z. NT.
F. Paut Hinsgir.—W orks of general scope.—John Chrysostom, Homilie in laudem 5. Pauli, Opera, vol. ii. ed. Montfaucon ; Hieronymus, de Viris illustribus, v. Of modern times, K. Schrader, Der Ap. Paulus; F.O. Baur, Paulus a J.C. (ed.1 1845; ed.2 1866, tr. Paul, his Life and Works); A. Tholuck, Life and he of St. Paul (tr); A. Hausrath, Der Ap. Paulus; E. Renan, Saint Paul and Les A Krenkel, Paulus d. Ap. d. Heiden; O. E. Lu t, Der Ap. Paulus, ein Lebensbild ; W. J. Conybeare and J. 8. Howson, Life and Epp. of St. Paul (many edd.)—the foundation of historical and psychological study of Paul’s work in England; T. Lewin, Life and Epp. of St. Paul 5—unique in wealth of archwological material; F. W. Farrar, Life and Work of St. Paul—brilliant and impressive, finely blends the life and teaching ; J. Stalker, Life of St. Pawl—briet and popular, but with a powerful Pp; J. Iverach, St. Paul, his Life and Times; Straatmann, Pardus de Ap. van Jezus Christus; W. O. van Manen, Paulus; S. Baring-Gould, A Study of St. Paul, his Character and Opinions; O. Cone, Paul: the Man, the Missionary, and the Teacher; G. H. Gilbert, Student's Life of Paul; see also A. O. McGiffert’s Hist. of Christianity in the Apost. Age.
G. Specta Topics CONNECTED WITH THE LIFE OR CHARACTEE.— Paley, Hora Pauline ; Lyttelton, Conversion and Apostleship of St. Paul; G. Menken, Blicke in d. Leben ἃ. Ap. P_; J. Smith, The Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Pauls; Howson, Character of St. P., Companions of St. P., Metaphors of St. P.; J. Weiss, Beitrage z. paul. Rhetorik; C. Holsten, ‘Die Christusvision ἃ. Paulus u. d. Genesis ἃ. paul. Evang.’ (in Zum Ev. ἃ. Paulus «ει, ἃ. Petrus); J. B. Lightfoot, St. Paul and Seneca (Philippians), and other essays in Commentaries and Biblical Essays; G. Volkmar, Paulus von Damascus bis 2. Galaterbr. ; J. R. Oertel, Paulus in ἃ. Apostelgesch, ; M. Krenkel, Beitrdge z. Aufhellung ἃ. Gesch. u. ἃ. Briefe ἃ. Ap. Paulus? ; 6. Matheson, Spiritual Development of St. Paul; W. M. Ramsay, Ch. in Rom. Emp. and St. Paul the Traveller; E. Ourtius, Paulus in Athen ; F. Spitta, ‘Die zweimal. rom. Gefangensch. d. P.,’in Urchristen- thum. Bd. i. ; R. Steinmetz, Die 2te rém. Gefangensch. des Ap. P.; ©. Fouard, St. Paul and his Mission (tr.), S. Paul,... ses dern. Années; P. Seebdck, 5. Paulus ἃ. Heidenmissiondr ; W. Lock, Paul, the Master-builder; H. St. J. Thackeray, Rela- tion of St. Paul to Jewish contemporary thought.