H. Tue Docrrixg (considered in general).—To the chief works enumerated under (ΕἾ add the following: L. Usteri, Entwickelung ἃ. paulin. rbegrifs8; A. Ἐς Daihne, under same title; A. Ritschl, Entstehung ἃ. altkath. Kirche?; E. Reuss, Hist. d. la Théol. Chrét. au siecle apost., tome ii. (tr.);
ipost. W. J. Irons, Christianity as a He by St. Paul; A. Sabatier,
L’apétre Paul, une esquisse de Chist. de sa Pensée8 (tr. from 2nd ed.); O. Pfleiderer, Paulinismug? (tr. from 1st ed., which has independent value: the work is rewritten, not always for the better), Hibbert Lect. (1885), The Inj. of the Ap. Paul on the develop. of Christianity ; H. Opitz, Das System d. Paulus ; M. Arnold, St. Paul and Protestantism; J. F. Clarke, Tha Ideas of the Ap. Paul translated into modern equivalents ; O. Holsten, Das Evangelium d. Paulus (Theil ii. posthumously added); A. B. Bruce, St. Pauls Conception oj Christianity ; G. B. Stevens, The Pauline Theology; O. Everett, The Gospel of Paul; D. Somerville, St. Paul's Conception of Christ; J. Miiller, Das persiinl. Christenthum ἃ. paul. Gemeinden. Also the standard works of NT Biblical Theology: by O. F. Schmid (tr.), J. J. van Oosterzee (tr.: slight), B. Weiss (tr.), W. Beyschlag (tr.), G. B. Stevens, and the account in C. Weizsacker’s A post. Zeitalter 2 (tr.) ; T. D. Bernard’s Progress of Doctr.in NT'3 gives an excellent sketch; A. Immer, Theol. des NT’; J. Bovon, Théo- logie du NT (‘L’Enseignement ἃ. Apétres’); H. J. Holtzmann, Lehrbuch ἃ. NT Theologie ; W. F. Adeney, Theol. of the NT— a good outline; A. S. Peake in Guide to Biblical Study.
R. J. Knowling, in his Witness of the Epp., examines their relation to the teaching of Jesus Christ (defending incidentally the authenticity of the Hauptbriefe). This subject has been investigated earlier by O. Thenius, Das Evangelium ohna Evangelien; H. Paret, Paulus u. Jesus; J. H. Huraut, Paul a-t-il connu le Christ historique? F. Roos, Die Briefe ἃ An
PAULUS, SERGIUS PAVEMENT 73)
the first time we are told (v.*) that the second name of Saul was Paul. That name is used henceforth in the narrative, and from this time aol and not Barnabas seems to take the leading place.
The Sergii were a Roman patrician gens (cf Verg. Aen. v. 121: ‘ Sergestusque dumus tenet a que Sergia nomen’); and Paulus was a coguomen in use in this and other gentes. There was a L. Sergius Paulus consul in A.D. 168, and another consul suffectus at some date unknown. In the Index of Authors to Pliny’s Natural History (bk. i), a Sergius Paulus is twice mentioned as an authority for Books i. and xviii.; and in both, as Lightfoot shows, Pliny seems to give special information about Cyprus. The suggestion of identity is in- teresting, but of course very uncertain ; it accords with the fact that the proconsul has a magus, a man of science, in his train. That Sergius Paulus is rightly described as proconsul is undoubted. At the original distribution of the provinces Cyprus was under the emperor (B.C. 27), but in B.C. 22 it was transferred with Gallia Narbonensis to the senate, the emperor receiving Dalmatia in exchange (Dio Cassius, liii. 12, liv. 4). Ata later date under Hadrian it was again governed by a propretor and was imperial, probably owing to the Jewish insur- rection. Inscriptions, two dating from the years 51, 52 (CIS 2631, 2632), and coins of the Ist cent., clearly mention the island as governed by pro- consuls. Of these the most interesting is one dis- covered by Cesnola (Cyprus, p. 425), and accurately
ublished by Hogarth (Devia Cypria, pp. 113, 115). t runs as follows: ‘Apollonius to his father... son of .. . and his mother Artemidora, daughter of . . . consecrated the enclosure and this monu- ment aeons to eke own (his parents) command, . . . having filled the offices of clerk of the markets, prefect, town clerk, high priest, and having been in charge of the record office. Erected on the 25th of the month Demarchexusius in the year 13. He also revised the senate by means of assessors in the time of the proconsul Paulus.’ The date of the inscription is probably A.D. 55, and the re- vision of the senate presumably took place nine years previously. As Hogarth says (op. cit. p. 115), ‘there can be no good reason for doubting our identification, which would unquestionably have been proposed and hardly disputed had Sergius Paulus been known from any other source than the New Testament.’
The question has been raised: Is there any con- nexion between the Gentile name of the apostle, Paulus, and the name of the proconsult The answer must bein the negative. Paul, as a Roman citizen by birth, would have his Roman nomen, prenomen, and cognomen, and the resemblance of names, therefore, is only a coincidence. The Gentile name is here used in the Acts for the first time, because for the first time the apostle is in contact with Gentiles. See, further, art. PAUL, p. 697 f.
Lrrmaatona.—Lightfoot, Besays on Su tural Religion, pp: 292-297; Ramsay, St. Paul the Trave ἡ pp. 73-88. —
A. C, HEADLAM.
PAVEMENT (neyo, 72x79; βάσις, λιθόστρωτον, weplorvdov).—In early days the floors of houses no doubt were simply of beaten earth, but gradually people learned to make some kind of cement, ith which to harden the floor, from the admix- ture of lime, bitumen, or oil. At the present day a hard cement is used in cisterns and floors in Palestine, made by mixing red earth with olive oil; and during the PEF excavations (1867-71) ancient tanks were discovered in which this cement had been used, which was of a very tenacious description, breaking with a conchoidal fracture. The floors of houses of the wealthy were seldom