Paulus ὦ. d. Reden ἃ. Herrn Jesu; it is touched on by P. Ewald in his Hauptproblem ἃ. Evangelien.
Péché (Appendice to L'apétre P.3); P. Wernle, Der Christ τι. d. Stinde bei Paulus; A. Zahn, Das Gesetz Gottes nach d. Lehre ὦ. ἃ. Erfahrung d. Ap. P.2; R. A. Lipsius, Die paul. Rechtfertiqungslehre ; Th. Haring, δικαιοσύνη Θιοῦ bei Paulus; W. Karl, beitrdge z. Verstandniss d. soteriol. Erfahrungen t. Spekulationen ἃ. ae P.; O. Schiider, Die Bedeutung d. leben- digen Christus 7. die ἜΡΟΝ ok nach P.; J. Ε΄ Rabiger, de Christologia Paulina; R. idt, Die paul. Christologie ; J.
Geist paul. Theodicée ; E. ΚΝ, Zur paul. Theodicée; K. Miiller, Die 7: Ὲ Zu orp! u. Erwihiung nach ἃ. Ev. Paulus; J. almer, Die Er ‘ung Israels nach isch, Di Eschatologie d. Paulus; E. Teichmann, Die paul. Vorstel-
special
sections: of Gr. Fathers, Origen (Fragg. in Epp. P.), Chrysostom (followed by the rest), Th Mops., Theodoret, John of Damas- cus, Theophylact, umenius; of the Latins, Ambrosiaster, Pelagius, In the Middle Ages, Thom. Aquinas, Expositio in omnes . S. Pault. At the Revival of Learning, Laurentius Valla, Col/atio (bearing on text); Nicholas ἃ Lyra. J. Oolet, with his Lectures on Paul's Epp., and Erasmus (In NT Annotationes) led the way in the Reformation period ; J. Calvin towers above all others (In NT Commentarii), followed by Th. Beza (Jnterpretatio and Annotationes in NT), with the Rom. Cath. G. Estius (Commentt. in Epp.) tor a worthy rival ; Cornelius ἃ Lapide and Bernardinus ἃ Piconio (Epp. P. trv partita expositw: richly spiritual) are R.O. interpreters of the 17th cent., Hugo Grotius (Annott. in N7T—humanistic and Arminian) the chief Prot. exegete ; John Locke wrote a char- acteristic Paraphrase and Notes on éal., land 2 Cor., Ro., Eph J. Pierce, ‘after the manner of Mr. Locke,’ on Col., Phil., Heb. (of distinct value); J. J. Wetstein, V7’ Grarcum, rich in classical and Jewish illustration. J. A. Bengel opens the modern period, ‘th his inimitable Gnomon NT ; J. F. Flatt, early this cent., Commentar tiber Rimer . . . Titus,in 6 vols.; then fol- lowed the standard critical works of W. M. L. de Wette, H. A. W. Meyer (tr.; re-edited since his death in Germany by various eading scholars). J. Ο. K. von Hofmann’s e ition, Die Al. rift NT untersucht, and H. Ewald’s Die Sendschreiben ἃς Ap. Paulus, are of special value for Paul. The recent Kurzge- fassivr Kommentar (ed. Zéckler) and Handcommentar z. NT’ (Schm!sdel, Lipsius, v. Soden) continue the task of scientific exegesis tn Germany—the former in a conservative, the latter in a critical sense. In England, St. Paul has attracted our best exegetical scholarship: H. Alford and O. Wordsworth have interpreted the whole Gr. Test.; J. B. Lightfoot, Gal., Phil., Col. and Philem., with posthumous Notes on . of Paul, covering 1 and 2 Th, 1 Co 1-7, Ro 1-7, Eph 114; ©. J. Ellicott, all the Epp. except Ro and 2 Co (in 6 vols.); B. Jowett, 1 and 2 Thess., Ro., Gal. (a continuous work); J. Eadie, Gal.- 2 Thess. (δ vols.); J. A. Beet, Ro.-Col. (4 vols.); M. F. Sadler, all the Epp.; J. R. Boise, Notes, Critical and Explan., on the Gr. Text of Paul's Epp. (New York); various writers, in the Internat. Crit. Comm., Speaker's Comm., Popular Comm., NT Comm. for Eng. Readers, Pulpit Comm., Expositor’s Bible and Gr. Test., Camb. Gr. Test. and Bible ‘for Schools, etc. R. Whately’s Essays on some Difficulties in the Writings of St. Paul is worth consulting. In French, H.Oltramare has written very ably on Ro., Eph. and Col. with Philem, (5 vols.); F. Godet, By try and 1 Co. (tr.; 4 vols.); L. Bonnet, Epitres de Pauls,
CO. Olemen, Einheitléichkeit d. paulin. Briefe (1894), digests recent hypotheses of interpolation and compilation in the Epp., attempting a reconstruction on his own part.
G. G. Frypuay.
PAULUS, SERGIUS (Σέργιος Παῦλος, Sergius Paulus). — During what is generally called St. Paul’s First Mussionary Loney he visited Paphos in the island of Cyprus. There he and Barnabas were summoned to amo before Sergius Paulus, the proconsul (AV deputy), a man of understanding (συνετός), in whose train was one Elymas or Bar-jesus, a Magus. The proconsul, who ‘sought to hear the word of God,’ appears to have m at least impressed; and Elymas is said to have attemp to turn him aside from the faith. At St. Paul’s rebuke, Elymas becomes blind for a season; and the proconsul, we are told, ‘when he saw what was done, be- lieved, being astonished at the teaching of the Lord’ (Ac 13°"), It may be added that for
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poarded, but were paved with cement, stone, marble and mosaics, bricks, tiles, ete. Many of the floors of the palaces in Chaldea and Assyria were merely beaten earth. In the recent PEF excavations (Quarterly Statement, July 1899, 181) at Tell Zak- ariya the floors of the houses are found to be of mud and ashes, grouted with ste See about 3 inches thick, with an uneven surface. During the PEF excavations at Jerusalem (1867-71) a large number of floors of houses of the poorer (?) classes were examined, and found to consist of rough cubes of marble laid in some kind of white cement. In better houses those cubes were set in patterns. In some of the houses large flags or paving stones were used, and these were sometimes of polished marble. The great street outside the temple enclosure was found during the excavation to be paved with white marble, as described by Josephus (Ant. XxX. ix. 7): ‘Herod Agrippa did not obstruct the people when they desired that Jerusalem might be paved with white stone.’ ‘Solomon laid a causeway of black stones along the roads that led to Jerusalem, both to render them easy for travellers and to manifest his riches and grandeur’ (id. Vill. vii. 4). This no doubt was bumatt In the ruins of Babylon the pavements of roofs, courts, and chambers are composed of two layers of burnt brick with a thick layer of asphalt underneath (Perrot and Chipiez, i. 156). Rassam tells us that he found at Abou Abba (Sippara) in Chaldea a chamber paved with asphalt, much in the same fashion as a road or street in London or Paris (i. ii. 401).