according to Mommsen and Ramsay, is the prte- torium alluded to by the apostle, and tois Xoiiroh taaiv refers to the audience at the trial.*
G. T. PUBVES. PRAISE IN OT.—' Praise,' whether as a verb or a noun, has various applications in the OT, but its commonest use is to denote an act of homage or worshiii oHered to God by His creatures, par- ticularly by man. The object of this article wU) be mainly to examine the meaning and usage of the terms which our English versions render by 'praise,' and to sketch, as far as the data enable us to do so, the occasions, the modes, and the history of praise in Israel.
i. T'hk rKi'.M.s.— 1. '7%!. The original sense of this root is perhajis ' break out (in a cry),' especially of joy (cf. the name Hnlhl aii])lied to Ps 113-118, the Aram. t(|?!V.-i ' maniage-song,' and the Assj-r. al(tlu ' shout for joy ' ; see also Cheyne, OP 460), although it is possible that, as W. It. Smith (A'6'' 411) suggests, among the Semites 'the shouting (halld) that accompanied sacrifice may, in its oldest shape, have been a wail over the death of the victim, though it ultimately took tlie form of a chant of praise [Hallelujah).' The idea of making a noise is what appears to be prominent. The same writer points out that the roots h'7T\ • to chant praises' and '?'?" 'to howl' are closely connected, and he thinks it possible that shouting in mourning and shouting in joj- may have both been primarily directed to the driving away of evil influences. The sense of 'praise' is conveyed by the above root in the Piel SV.-. This may have tor its object ( 1 ) man or woman : On 12" (J ) ' they praised (LXX ^TTJj'firai'.AV 'commended') her (Sarah) to Pharaoh'; Pr 27* ' let another man praise thee (LXX iyKwfua- t^&ru <re), and not thine own mouth' ; 28'' ' they that forsake the law praise (LXX iyKUfiid^ovcny) the wicked '; 31^-" the virtuous woman is praised by her husband and by her works (LXX in both aivuy, but in V." a dillcrent reading from that of MT is followed : <tai aiviaOuj iv vuXais i dfr/p avTljs, ' and let her husb.and be praised in the gates') ; Ca 6" (here and in the following passages, unless otherwise noted, LXX aimi-) of the Shulammite ; 2 S 14'^ of Absalom's beauty {atverds) ; 2 Ch 23'* of king Joash. (2) The object is once a false god : Jg 16-^ of the Philistines praising {v/meli') Dagon ; (3) very frequently God (□•-S.-f or .ti.t) : Ps 69** (where 'heaven and earth, the seas, and everj'thing that moveth therein 'are called on to praise Him; cf. Ps 148) ; often of public worship in the sanctuary : Is 62", cf. 64" {ciXoyely), Ps 22^ (i>jni.f?;/, of. v.» A fraiyds fiov) 35" 84* 1U7^» 109™ 146= 149". Some- times the object is ' the name of Jahweh or of God' (ni.T cs* or n'r^x Dj^, tA dvofui. rov dfoD) : Ps 69** 74" 145- 148», Jl 2--« ; or His word ("iji, Xiyos, M^a) : Ps 56' UraiKif) ""^ [v."»> may be an editorial addition, so Hupfeld, Cheyne et al.] ; or the object may be unexpressed : Jer 31 [Gr. 38]', Ps 03' [iirai- velv). The expression ' praise ye Jali ' (Hallelujah, in Ps 135' n,-iSi;n [atfure tAx Kiipiof], elsewhere always as one word n;iV":n, 'AW-qXomi [cmce Ps 104" S;'''i?T'. LXX omits here]) has generally a liturgical application and is mostly conhned to late psalms. It occurs at the beginning of Ps 106. 111. 112. 113. 135. 146. 147. 148. 149, and at the end of 104. 105. • Momniseii denies that rrpecrtriixfix^if (AV captain of the guard), found Ac2Sl«in some aiithoritios (cf. BIosh, a(/ /«;.), but omitted by WH, Tisch., and KV, could have beeu applied to a prttjfcttu pT<rtorio. Tliia reaiiintr is evidently * Western,' and Mouunsen muls in the text of the Stockholm I^atin MS (* Gigus '), princfvs perei/rinorum, at least a 2nd cent, interpretation of it, one wnich conflrms his inference that the caj<tra pertgrinarum had Ijeen established In Rome in St. Paul's time. Positive evidence, however, for the existence of this corps and camp, under this name, appears only in the time of Sevenis, and the Latin MS may intetTiret the Or. text before It by the light of later custom ; while rrfiartwtH^r^ Itself was evidently a popular title, and really supplies oo ijQformatiun as to who took charge of the apostle.
54
I'KAisE o or
PEiUSE IX UT
lOG. 113. 115. 116. 117. 135. 14G. 147. 148. 149. 150. See, furtlier, art. Hai.li.lu.i.mi. Iiisliad of the direct object, 'jV.t is j;oiierally followed, in the writinj,'s of the Chronicler, by nirr?, in tlie account of the technical Levitical (or priestly) function of praising Jahweh ; 1 Ch 16^ 23^*' 25^ 2 Ch 5'» 20i'' 29="' (iiiiveiv) 30'-" (KaOuixifuv), Ezr 3" ; but the simple .ii.T occurs in Ezr 3'", as it does also in Neli 5" (Nelieniiah's own Memoirs). The object is un- expressed in Nell 12-' (Chronicler), cf. 1 Ch 23'', 2 Ch 7" ('when David praised by their ministry,' LXX iv [ifxi'Oii AaviiS 5td x^V"' avTaf) S" 23'^ (' the singers also played on instruments of music and led the singing of praise ' D-yiiDi i-^'n 'h:2 D'-i-;i;>'5r;i V^C^» LXX ot 5i5oi'Tes €V rots opydvots, yooi Kal u/xvoOvtcs alpof) 31", in all of which V^n has its technical sense. — Similarly, the passive sense 'be praised' is conveyed by the I'ual, and once (Pr 31™) by the Hitlipael : (1) of human subjects and things: I'r 12* 'a man shall be praised (AV; EV ' commended,' LXX iyKu/imi((jOai) according to his wisdom ' ; Ps 78'^ ' their maiilcns were not praised ' (in marriage- song ; see Clieyue ad loc), so Aquila ovx vixvi^Briiniv, Symm. and Theod. ovk (jrrjy4$Tiaav, but LXX oCk iiTiii6rjaav, 'did not raise the dirge'; Ezk 26" of Tyre the ' praised (AV ; RV 'renowned') city' (LXX rt 7r6,Vs ri iTraiveTri) ; (2) of God, only in ptcp. ('?^7P) with gerundive force = ' to be praised,' 'worthy of praise ' : 2 S 22' {alv^rbv iirt.Ka\i(jOfxat Ki'ptoc) = Ps 18' (alvCiv ^TTiKaXiaofiai Kvpioi'}, Ps 4S' 'Ji)"* ( = 1 Ch 16-^) 145' [in these last four the LXX has oiVfTiis] ; in Ps 113' the subject is His name (aiVeirai t& &fofia Krpiov).